John Moore (Irish politician)

John Moore (1767 – 6 December 1799) was an Irish statesman and rebel leader. [For a short critical perspective on John Moore, see Fraher, Willie: [http://www.waterfordcountymuseum.org/exhibit/web/Display/article/4/16/;jsessionid=93FB3519DD97A87F972D3C7625A34A2E?lang=en "John Moore - President of the Government of the Province of Connaught"] in Waterford County Museum Historical Articles. A useful summary of events in 1798 may also be viewed at the [http://towns.mayo-ireland.ie/WebX?[e-mail]0Bj28.0@.2cb64546 Mayo Towns Website.] ]

Early life

From Ashbrook, near Straide, Co. Mayo, John Moore was the son of a prosperous merchant, George Moore. He was educated at the Catholic school of Douai, and at the University of Paris under the assumed name of "Bellew". On his return to Ireland he studied for the bar but seems to have shown little interest in his studies.

Appointment as President

At the time of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 a force of 1,000 French soldiers under General Humbert landed at Killala. Moore joined the French as did a considerable number of his tenants. After the Battle of Castlebar which took place on 27 August 1798, General Humbert, on 31 August 1798, issued the following decree, which "inter alia" appointed John Moore as the President of the Government of the Province of Connaught:

"Army Of Ireland"

"Liberty, Equality"

"Head quarters at Castlebar, 14th Fructidor, sixth Year of the French Republic, One and Indivisible."

"General Humbert, Commander in Chief of the Army of Ireland, desirous of organizing with the least possible delay, an administrative power for the Province of Connaught, decrees as follows:"

"1. The Government of the Province of Connaught shall reside at Castlebar till further orders."

"2. The Government shall be composed of twelve members, who shall be named by the General-in-chief of the French Army."

"3. Citizen JOHN MOORE is named President of the Government of the Province of Connaught, he is specially entrusted with the nomination and reunion of the members of the Government."

"4. The Government shall occupy itself immediately in organizing the Military power of the Province of Connaught, and with providing subsistence for the French and Irish Armies."

"5. There shall be organized eight regiments of infantry, each of twelve hundred men, and four regiments of cavalry, each of six hundred men."

"6. The Government shall declare rebels and traitors to the country all those who having received clothing and arms, shall not join the army within four and twenty hours." "7. Every individual from sixteen years of age to forty, inclusive, is REQUIRED in the name of the Irish Republic, to betake himself instantly to the French Camp, to march in a mass against the common enemy, the Tyrant of ANGLICIZED IRELAND, whose destruction alone can establish the independence and happiness of ANCIENT HIBERNIA."

"The General Commanding-in-Chief"

"HUMBERT." [ [http://www.iol.ie/~fagann/1798/conaught.htm 1798 Rebellion Website] ]

The above decree refers to an "Irish Republic", not a "Republic of Connaught". Hence, strictly speaking, it appears to be incorrect to refer to any formal establishment of a "Republic of Connaught" or of John Moore being appointed its President. Instead, an "Irish Republic" had been proclaimed and John Moore was appointed the President of one of its provinces, Connaught. [Similarly, Humbert’s declaration to the people upon landing in Ireland on 22 August 1798 refers only to an "Irish Republic" not a "Republic of Connaught":- "LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, UNION, After several unsuccessful attempts, behold at last Frenchmen arrived amongst you . . . Union, Liberty, the Irish Republic! Such is our shout. Let us march. Our hearts are devoted to you; our glory is in your happiness".] Nevertheless, as civil or political appointments were not made for any other province of the short lived "1798 Irish Republic", the "Republic of Connaught" is the name for that "Irish Republic" that has long been commonly used.

The general tasks with which Moore was entrusted as President are apparent from the above decree. However, the rebel Republic was a puppet state and was very short lived (discussed below). Nevertheless, among the things which President Moore did have time to do was to issue "paper money to a considerable extent... [i] n the name of the French Government". [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=d3kIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=connaught+president+1798+%22john+moore%22&source=web&ots=yB86OzGovd&sig=bI2bhoEFPUxWTzfOTzERC2gLKiM#PPP5,M1 Ross, Charles (Ed), "Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwalis", John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859] ]

Capture and trial

In September 1798, just weeks after its proclamation, the Republic was lost with defeat at the Battle of Ballinamuck. President Moore was captured by the British in Castlebar under Lieut.-Col. Crawford. From a letter dated 10 December 1798 from Lord Cornwallis to the Duke of Portland, it appears that President Moore was:

"taken a prisoner by His Majesty’s forces at Castlebar where he was found with a commission in his possession from the commander of the French invading army, under which commission he had acted and exercised authority under the enemy, being at war with our Sovereign Lord the King ... [and] he had continued to so act until he was made a prisoner." [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=d3kIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=connaught+president+1798+%22john+moore%22&source=web&ots=yB86OzGovd&sig=bI2bhoEFPUxWTzfOTzERC2gLKiM#PPP5,M1 Ross, Charles (Ed), "Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwalis", John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859] ]

Moore’s trial was delayed for some time as the British authorities took the view that owing to the general strife in County Mayo and the presence of rebels, there was a significant chance Moore could be rescued by rebels if they tried to bring him to Dublin to stand trial. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=d3kIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=connaught+president+1798+%22john+moore%22&source=web&ots=yB86OzGovd&sig=bI2bhoEFPUxWTzfOTzERC2gLKiM#PPP5,M1 Ross, Charles (Ed), "Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwalis", John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859] ] Owing to the delay in his trial, an attempt was made to force Moore’s release under the writ of habeas corpus. However, this was unsuccessful. Moore was subsequently sentenced to transportation. According to contemporary accounts, the "“lenity”" of Lord Cornwallis to Moore "“and other rebels, gave considerable offence to the violent loyalists”". [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=w_ABAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=humbert+%22for+the+province+of+connaught%22&source=web&ots=7R7oCCg9vB&sig=KF6yhlI3JNbFfCvdO_7OKR8-njo#PPP7,M1 R.R. Madden, "The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times", 1846] ] While being taken to Duncannon Fort in Wexford, en-route to New Geneva, he died in the Royal Oak tavern in Broad Street, Waterford.

tate funeral

After he died, President Moore was buried in the cemetery of Ballygunner Temple in Waterford. The location of his grave was forgotten until it was rediscovered by chance in 1960. On 12 August 1961 his remains were exhumed and conveyed under Army Guard to Castlebar. On 13 August 1961, after funeral mass in Castlebar, President Moore's remains were reinterred at The Mall in Castlebar at a state military funeral attended by President Eamon de Valera, the Taoiseach, Seán Lemass, several TDs, the ambassadors of Spain and France, and some of John Moore's living descendants. [Connaught Telegraph, 19 August, 1961; and Guy Beiner, "The decline and rebirth of ’folk memory’: remembering ‘the year of the French’ in the late twentieth century" in Éire-Ireland, Journal of Irish Studies, Fall-Winter, 2003.] The inscription over President Moore’s grave reads:

"Ireland's first president and a descendant of St Thomas More, who gave his life for his country in the rising of 1798 ... By the will of the people exhumed and reinterred here with all honours of church and state."

The ancestral link between John and St Thomas More is unproven and was presumably included for emotional and not historical reasons. In 1998, in connection with the bicentenary of the 1798 rebellion, at least one member of Mayo County Council proposed that President Moore’s remains should be exhumed once again and this time reinterred at Moore Hall, the ancestral home of the Moores. Nothing came of the proposal. [See the [http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/ConnTel/CT9803/CT980311/Moore.htm Connaught Telegraph of 11 March 1998 "Controversial plan to exhume General Moore's remains again."] ]

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