Timeline of the history of scientific method

Timeline of the history of scientific method

This Timeline of the history of scientific method shows an overview of the cultural inventions that have contributed to the development of the scientific method. For a detailed account, see History of the scientific method.

*c. 2000 BCFirst text indexes (various cultures).
*c. 320 BCAristotle, comprehensive documents categorising and subdividing knowledge, dividing knowledge into different areas (physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, and biology).
*c. 200 BCFirst Cataloged library (at Alexandria)
*c. 800 ADAn early experimental method begins emerging among Muslim chemists beginning with Geber who introduces controlled experiments; other fields (early Islamic philosophy, theology, law and science of hadith) introduce the methods of citation, peer review and open inquiry leading to development of consensus
*1021The Iraqi Muslim physicist and scientist Alhazen introduces the experimental method and combines observations, experiments and rational arguments in his "Book of Optics" to show that his intromission theory of vision is scientifically correct, and that the emission theory of vision supported by Ptolemy and Euclid is wrong
*c. 1025The Persian scientist, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, develops the earliest experimental methods for minerology and mechanics, and is one of the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena
*1025In "The Canon of Medicine", Avicenna describes the methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation which are critical to inductive logic and the scientific method
*1027In "The Book of Healing", Avicenna criticizes the Aristotelian method of induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide", and in its place, develops examination and experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry
*1327Ockham's razor clearly formulated (by William of Ockham)
*1403Yongle Encyclopedia, the first collaborative encyclopedia
*1590Controlled experiments by Francis Bacon
*1600First dedicated laboratory
*1620 — "Novum Organum" published, (Francis Bacon)
*1637First Scientific method (René Descartes)
*1650Society of experts (the Royal Society)
*1650Experimental evidence established as the arbiter of truth (the Royal Society)
*1665Repeatability established (Robert Boyle)
*1665Scholarly journals established
*1675Peer review begun
*1687Hypothesis/prediction (Isaac Newton)
*1710The problem of induction identified by David Hume
*1753Description of a controlled experiment using two identical populations with only one variable. [James Lind's "A Treatise of the Scurvy"]
*1926Randomized design [Ronald Fisher]
*1934Falsifiability as a criterion for evaluating new hypotheses (Karl Popper's "The Logic of Scientific Discovery")
*1937Controlled placebo trial
*1946First computer simulation
*1950Double blind experiment
*1962Meta study of scientific method (Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions")
*1964Strong inference proposed by John R. Platt [ Plat's article is entitled "Strong inference. Certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others" (Science, 16 October 1964, Volume 146, Number 3642, Pages 347-353.)]

Notes


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