Samaññaphala Sutta

The Samaññaphala Sutta is the second discourse (Pali, "sutta"; Skt., "sutra") of all 34 Digha Nikaya discourses. The title means, "The Fruit of Contemplative Life Discourse."

In terms of narrative, this discourse tells the story of King Ajatasattu, son and successor of King Bimbisara of Magadha, who posed the following question to many leading Indian spiritual teachers: What is the benefit of living a contemplative life? After being dissatisfied with the answers provided by these other teachers, the king posed this question to the Buddha whose answer motivated the king to become a lay follower of the Buddha.

In terms of Indian philosophy and spiritual doctrines, this discourse:
* provides the Buddha's own description of the lifestyle, mental, psychic and spiritual benefits ("fruit") of the Buddhist contemplative life;
* provides one of the most detailed accounts in the Sutta Pitaka of the Buddhist community's code of ethical behavior;
* describes from the Buddhist standpoint the essence of the teachings of several leading spiritual guides in the Buddha's time (see the table below for more details); and,
* through the narrative of King Ajatasattu's confessed transgression and his subsequent psychic unrest, paranoia and karmic impediments, the narrative illustrates Buddhist notions of merit and kamma in juxtaposition to those associated with other contemporaneous teachers (who, for instance, are depicted as advocating views of amorality, fatalism, materialism, eternalism and agnosticism).

Thanissaro (1997) refers to this discourse as "one of the masterpieces of the Pali canon." [In the introduction to his translation, [ http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html Thanissaro (1997)] states::"This discourse is one of the masterpieces of the Pali canon. At heart, it is a comprehensive portrait of the Buddhist path of training, illustrating each stage of the training with vivid similes. This portrait is placed in juxtaposition to the Buddhist view of the teachings of rival philosophical teachers of the time, showing how the Buddha — in contradistinction to the inflexible, party-line approach of his contemporaries — presented his teaching in a way that was pertinent and sensitive to the needs of his listeners. This larger portrait of the intellectual landscape of early Buddhist India is then presented in a moving narrative frame: the sad story of King Ajatasattu."]

The king's unrest

Upon a bright uposatha night, King Ajatasattu, monarch of Magadha Kingdom, who is in the mood to hear a Dhamma discourse, asked his ministers if there is any worthy teacher "who might enlighten and bring peace to our mind." [Thanissaro (1997).] The ministers in turn suggest that the monarch visit a variety of teachers, all of whom the King rejects by being silent. But when the King's physician, Jivaka, who is being silent all the time, is asked if he can suggest for a teacher to visit, the physician quickly replies that the Buddha is currently staying in the physician's Mango Groves.

The King immediately agrees to go there. After preparing the elephants and his followers, the King rides for the Mango Groves.Yet, upon arriving on the Groves, the King is suddenly overcome with worry and doubt. The hairs on his body even stands up as he feels the agonizing fear. He asks his physician nervously and suspectingly, "Are you not deceiving me, Jivaka? Do you not betray me and hand my life to the enemies? How come it happens that there is not a single sound heard at all, not even coughs or sneezes in the huge group of 1,250 Sangha monks?"

To answer his majesty's paranoia, the physician calmly reassures the monarch, "Do not worry, your Majesty. I am not lying, or deceiving, or betraying you to your enemies. Proceed on, your Majesty! There, in the Hall, where the lights are lit."

The King proceeds and when he enters the Hall, he has difficulty in spotting where the Buddha is. To his king's aid, Jivaka answers that the Buddha is sitting on the back of a pillar, surrounded by his disciples.

The King then approach the Buddha and gave his salute. Then, while standing, he sees how the Monks sit in silence, calm like a still, waveless lake. He exclaims: "Can my beloved son, Udayi Bhadda, possess such calmness and composure as the Monks show me now?"

The Buddha asks him, "If so, Your Majesty, how do you direct your mind towards compassion and love?"

"Bhante, I love my son very dearly, and I wish for him to possess the calmness as like the monks have now." The Monarch then prostrates himself towards the Buddha, clasps his palms in salute for the monks, then proceed to sit on the Buddha's side.The monarch then asks, "If my teacher doesn't mind, may I ask you a question?"

"Ask what you want to ask, King."

The king's questioning of six ascetics

The King asks, "Bhante (Teacher), there is a number of skills and talents, such as: Elephant-drivers, chariot-drivers, horse riders, archers, palanquin bearers, army commander's adjutants, royal officers, soldiers, warriors with elephant's courage, heroes, fighters, troops in deer-skin uniform, slaves, cooks and chefs, barbers, bathers, bakers, florists, launderers, weavers, crafters, potters, mathematicians, accountants, and many other skills. In their current life, they enjoy the real fruits of their skills. They support their life, their family, parents, and friends with their skills in happiness and welfare. They donate high-valued gifts and offerings to the Brahmins and the ascetics, giving them rewards of hoyful next life in heaven, and other joys. Can Bhante instruct me what is the real benefit of a contemplative life in this current life?"

The Buddha then asks back, "Your Majesty, have you ever asked this question to any other teachers, brahmins, or ascetics?"

The King replied by repeating what each of six revered ascetic teachers allegedly [The king's recollection and/or the Canon's recording of the non-Buddhist ascetics' statements can be viewed with some caution. For instance, Walshe (1995), p. 545 "n". 115, notes that the king's restatements of the alleged response by Nigantha Nataputta (which is the Pali Canon's appellation for the Jain's seminal leader, Mahavira) "do not represent the genuine Jain teaching but seem to parody it in punning form." Moreover, Walshe further states that the "reference to one 'free from bonds' [the literal meaning of "Nigantha"] and yet bound by these [aforementioned] restraints (whatever they are) is a deliberate paradox." These same statements of parody/paradox are found in MN 56, "Upāli Sutta".] told him. (These responses are summarized in the table to the right.) The king found each of these answers to be dissatisfying: "Just as if a person, when asked about a mango, were to answer with a breadfruit; or, when asked about a breadfruit, were to answer with a mango."

The Buddhist fruit of the contemplative life

The Buddha then elaborated on his perspective regarding the benefits of the contemplative life, moving from the material to the spiritual: [For instance, Thanissaro (1997) notes in the introduction to his translation: "The question [the king] puts to the Buddha shows the limited level of his own understanding, so the Buddha patiently describes the steps of the training, beginning at a very basic level and gradually moving up, as a way of raising the king's spiritual horizons."]
* Solitude's delight: For instance, for slaves and farmers, freedom from servitude resulting in being "content with the simplest food and shelter, delighting in solitude" [This and all subsequent quotes on this list are from Thanissaro (1997).] as well as the veneration of others.
* Virtue's pleasure: " [T] he monk ... consummate in virtue sees no danger anywhere from his restraint through virtue. Endowed with this noble aggregate of virtue, he is inwardly sensitive to the pleasure of being blameless."
* Simplicity's contentment: "Wherever he goes, he takes only his barest necessities along. This is how a monk is content."
* Mental calm: With mindfulness and alertness (see "sampajanna"), a monk cleanses his mind of covetousness, ill will and anger, sloth and drowsiness, restlessness and anxiety, and doubt (see the Five Hindrances).
* Jhanic bliss: He attains the four jhanic states which are associated with the permeating of his body with rapture, pleasure, equanimity, and a pure, bright awareness.
* Insight knowledge: " [W] ith his mind thus concentrated, purified, and bright, unblemished, free from defects, pliant, malleable, steady, and attained to imperturbability — the monk directs and inclines it to knowledge and vision. He discerns: 'This body of mine is endowed with form, composed of the four primary elements, born from mother and father, nourished with rice and porridge, subject to inconstancy, rubbing, pressing, dissolution, and dispersion. And this consciousness of mine is supported here and bound up here.'"
* Supernatural powers: "Having been one he becomes many; having been many he becomes one. He appears. He vanishes. He goes unimpeded through walls, ramparts, and mountains as if through space. He dives in and out of the earth as if it were water. He walks on water without sinking as if it were dry land. Sitting cross-legged he flies through the air like a winged bird. With his hand he touches and strokes even the sun and moon, so mighty and powerful.... He hears — by means of the divine ear-element, purified and surpassing the human — both kinds of sounds: divine and human, whether near or far."
* Mind reading: He can discern in others states of consciousness such as those with or without passion, lust, delusion, concentration, etc. (see the Satipatthana Sutta regarding mindfulness of the mind).
* Three knowledges: He can recollect past lives, see the rebirth of other beings, and knows the ending of suffering and the fermentations of sensuality, becoming and ignorance.
* Release from samsara: "His heart, thus knowing, thus seeing, is released from the fermentation of sensuality, the fermentation of becoming, the fermentation of ignorance. With release, there is the knowledge, 'Released.' He discerns that 'Birth is ended, the holy life fulfilled, the task done. There is nothing further for this world.'"

Upon hearing the Buddha's explanation, King Ajatasattu declared himself a lay follower of the Buddha.

The king's patricide and its karmic consequences

The king then confessed that he himself killed his own father so as to become king. The Buddha replied::"Yes, great king, a transgression overcame you in that you were so foolish, so muddle-headed, and so unskilled as to kill your father — a righteous man, a righteous king — for the sake of sovereign rulership. But because you see your transgression as such and make amends in accordance with the Dhamma, we accept your confession. For it is a cause of growth in the Dhamma & Discipline of the noble ones when, seeing a transgression as such, one makes amends in accordance with the Dhamma and exercises restraint in the future." [Thanissaro (1997).]

The Buddha subsequently declares: "... Had [King Ajatasattu] not killed his father [King Bimbisara] — that righteous man, that righteous king — the dustless, stainless Dhamma eye would have arisen to him as he sat in this very seat." [Thanissaro (1997). Based on the Pali commentarial literature and tradition, Thanissaro (1997) provides additional details about the king's life: after the Buddha's death, King Ajatasattu sponsored the First Buddhist Council; King Ajatasattu is ultimately killed by his own son, Udayibhadda; because of King Ajatasattu's killing of his own father, upon King Ajatasattu's death he is immediately destined for a hell realm; because of King Ajatasattu's merit in sponsoring the Council, after the hell realm the former king is to be reborn as a human and awakened as a pratyekabuddha.]

ee also

* Gradual Training (Buddhism)

Notes

Bibliography

* Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) and Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2001). "The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya". Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-072-X.

* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). "Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life" (DN 2). Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html.

* Walshe, Maurice O'Connell (trans.) (1995). "The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya". Somerville: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-103-3.