Johann Friedrich Reichardt

Johann Friedrich Reichardt (November 25 1752 – June 27 1814) was a German composer, writer and music critic.

Biography

Reichardt was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, to lutenist and "Stadtmusiker" Johann Reichardt (1720–1780). Johann Friedrich began his musical training, in violin, keyboard, and lute, as a child. He was a student of Timofey Belogradsky, who in turn was a student of Sylvius Leopold Weiss. When Reichardt was ten years old, his father took the choir in which he sang, the "Wunderknaben", on a concert tour in East Prussia. After being encouraged by Immanuel Kant, Reichardt later studied Jurisprudence and Philosophy in his hometown and in Leipzig from 1769 to 1771. In 1771, he escaped civil service by embarking on a Sturm-und-Drang tour as a virtuoso. He returned to Königsberg in 1774 and became the "Kammersekretär" (Chamber Secretary) in Ragnit. After Reichardt sent his opera "Le feste galanti" as a sample piece to Friedrich II, he was appointed to the position of the Royal Prussian Court Kapellmeister, a position previously held by Carl Heinrich Graun. Two years later he already withdrew from the job and married the singer, pianist and Lieder composer Juliane Benda, a daughter of Georg Anton Benda. Of their progeny was one daughter, Louise Reichardt (April 11, 1779, Berlin – November 17, 1826, Hamburg) became a noted songwriter, and a son, Wilhelm (1777–1782).

On the return from his first trip to Italy in 1783, Reichardt stopped in Vienna, where he met Kaiser Joseph II and Christoph Willibald Gluck. Further musical trips to France and England did not produce anticipated success, he therefore returned unwillingly to Berlin. In 1786, he developed close friendships with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johann Gottfried Herder, Friedrich Schiller and Johann Georg Hamann. Further attempts to gain new ground in Paris failed, yet he had become zealous with revolutionary ideas. After the appearance of his "Vertrauten Briefe" (Intimate Letters) in 1792, he was released in 1794 without pay from his position as Court Kapellmeister for being sympathetic to the French Revolution. He lived first in Hamburg, where he released the journal "Frankreich", but from 1794, he lived in Giebichenstein near Halle. In 1796, he was pardoned for his support of the revolution and appointed to the post of the director of the saline (salt mine) in Halle. From there, he often traveled to Berlin to lead the premieres of his compositions.

Another trip to Paris in 1802 lessened his fascination for the French and French politics considerably: he became an opponent of Napoleon. Four years later, when his manor was plundered by French troops, he fled to Danzig where he was active as a patriot and freedom fighter. Napoleon's brother Jérôme, located in Kassel, allowed Reichardt to return and named him to Theater Director in 1807. This stint lasted only nine months. In November 1809, he traveled to Vienna looking for success. After experiencing the music of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, he became receptive to the Viennese Classic, although he was too late. However, he soon returned to Giebichenstein where he died alone, from a gastric illness. His stage works were quickly forgotten after his death but his strophic Lieder and Ballads "im Volkston" (in folk style) enjoyed considerable popularity throughout the 19th century, aided by the Wandervogel movement.

Reichardt traveled frequently: 1783 to Italy, Switzerland, Vienna and Hamburg; 1785 and 1792 to London; 1785/86/87, 1792, 1802 to Paris; 1790 to Italy; 1793 to Copenhagen and Stockholm.

Works

Much of Reichardt's reputation as a composer rests on his Lieder that number about 1500, using texts by some 125 poets. Important among these are the settings of Goethe's texts, some of which were known to, and influenced, Schubert. He was also known by his Singspiele, a genre that he refined with Goethe's support. He also wrote 49 songs to Herder's texts. Aside from his music, his work as an essayist has maintained its value up to this day. The collection of poems "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" is, in the epilogue, dedicated to Reichardt. This was probably in the expectation that he would set the text to music. However, such a setting from Reichardt was never composed.

Dramatic

*Hänschen und Gretchen, 1771–2
*Amors Guckkasten (La lanterne magique de l’amour), 1772
*Le feste galanti (La gioja dopo il duolo, ò Le feste superbe)
*Der Holzhauer, oder Die drei Wünsche, c1775
*Cephalus und Prokris (Melodram, 1, K.W. Ramler), 1777,
*Ino (musikalisches Drama, 1, J.C. Brandes), 1779,
*Liebe nur beglückt (Schauspiel mit Zwischenmusik und Gesang, 3, Reichardt), 1781
*Tamerlan, 1786 (tragédie lyrique, 4, E. Morel de Chédeville, after Voltaire: L’orphelin de la Chine),
*Panthée (tragédie lyrique, 4, Berquin), 1786,
*Andromeda (os, 3, A. de’ Filistri da Caramondani), 1788,
*Protesilao [Act 1] (os, 2, G. Sertor), 1789,
*Claudine von Villa Bella (Spl, 3, J.W. von Goethe), 1789,
*Brenno (os, 3, Filistri), 1789,
*Jery und Bätely, 1789 (Spl, 1, Goethe), 1789,
*L’olimpiade (dramma per musica, 3, P. Metastasio), 1791,
*Lila (Spl, Goethe), 1791, music lost
*Erwin und Elmire (Spl, 2, Goethe), 1793,
*Macbeth (tragedy, 3, G.A. Bürger), spr. 1795
*Die Geisterinsel (Spl, 3, J.F.W. Gotter, after W. Shakespeare: The Tempest), 1798,
*Lieb’ und Treue (Lieb’ und Frieden) 1800,
*Der Jubel, oder Juchhei (Liederspiel, 1, Reichardt), 1800,
*Rosmonda (tragedia per musica, 3, Filistri), 1801,
*Das Zauberschloss (Spl, 3, A. von Kotzebue), 1802,
*Herkules Tod (Melodram, 1, after Sophocles), 1802,
*Kunst und Liebe, c1803 (Liederspiel, 1, Reichardt), 1805
*L’heureux naufrage (comedy, 1), 1808,
*Bradamante (4, H.J. von Collin), 1809,
*Der Taucher (Spl, 2, S.G. Bürde, after F. von Schiller), 1811,

Writings

*"Briefe eines aufmerksamen Reisenden, die Musik betreffend" (1774-76) (Letters of an observant traveler, as it pertains to music)
*"Über die deutsche komische Oper" (1774) (About German Comic opera)
*"Musikalische Kunstmagazin" (1781–1792) (Musical Art Magazine)
*"Studien für Tonkünstler und Musikfreunde" (1793) (Studies for musicians and music enthusiasts)
*"Vertraute Briefe aus Paris" (1804) (Intimate letters from Paris)
*"Vertraute Briefe aus Wien" (1810) (Intimate letters from Vienna)
*Other writings on music and his travels

External links

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