- Model railway scales
This page lists the most important model railway scale standards in the world. Most standards are regional, but some have followers in other parts of the world outside their native region, most notably NEM and
NMRA . It should be noted that while the most significant standardised dimension of a model railway scale is the gauge, a typical scale standard covers many more aspects of model railways and defines scale-specific dimensions for items like catenary, rolling stock wheels, loading gauge, curve radii and grades for slopes, for instance.Scale Standards
NEM
MOROP (The European federation of national model railway associations) is a European organisation which publishes NEM-standards. NEM-standards are used by model railway industry and hobbyists in Europe. The standards are published in French and German and both versions have an official status. Unofficial translations in English from third parties exist for certain NEM-standard sheets.Model railway scales and gauges are standardized in [http://www.morop.org/de/normes/nem010_d.pdf NEM 010] , which covers several gauges for each scale. Narrow gauges are indicated by an additional letter added after the base scale as follows:
* no letter = standard gauge (prototype: 1250 - 1700 mm)
* m = metric gauge (prototype: 850 - 1250 mm)
* e = narrow gauge (prototype: 650 - 850 mm)
* i = industrial (prototype: 400 - 650 mm)For instance, a metric gauge model railway in H0-scale would be designated H0m. In German text letter 'f' (stands for Feldbahn) is sometimes used instead of 'i'. Letter 'e' is derived from the French word 'étroit' which translates to 'narrow'. NEM gauges are arranged conveniently to use normal gauge of smaller scales as narrow gauges for a certain scale. Like for instance, H0m gauge is the same as the TT scale normal gauge, H0e same as the N scale normal gauge and H0i same as the Z scale normal gauge.Scale Ratio Standard gauge m e i Notes Z 1:220 6.5 mm 4.5 mm - - Based on Märklin factory standards.N 1:160 9 mm 6.5 mm 4.5 mm - Based on Arnold factory standards. TT 1:120 12 mm 9 mm 6.5 mm 4.5 mm - H0 1:87 16.5 mm 12 mm 9 mm 6.5 mm "Half Zero" S 1:64 22.5 mm 16.5 mm 12 mm 9 mm - 0 1:45 32 mm 22.5 mm 16.5 mm 12 mm - I 1:32 45 mm (1 3/4 in) 32 mm 22.5 mm 16.5 mm - II 1:22.5 64 mm (2 1/2 in) 45 mm 32 mm 22.5 mm - III 1:16 89 mm (3 1/2 in) 64 mm 45 mm 32 mm - V 1:11 127 mm (5 in) 89 mm 64 mm 45 mm - VII 1:8 184 mm (7 1/4 in) 127 mm 89 mm 64 mm - X 1:5.5 260 mm (10 1/4 in) 184 mm 127 mm 89 mm - NMRA
NMRA (National Model Railroad Association) standardized the first model railway scales in the 1940's. NMRA standards are used widely in North America and by certain special interest groups all over the world. To some extent NMRA and NEM standards are compatible, but in many areas, the two standards specify certain model railway details in somewhat incompatible ways for the same scale.There are two NMRA standard sheets where the scales have been defined. NMRA standard S-1.2 covers the "popular model railway scales" and S-1.3 defines "scales with deep flanges" for model railways with very sharp curves or other garden railway specific design features.
In certain NMRA scales an alternative designation is sometimes used corresponding the length of one prototype foot in scale either in millimetres or in inches. For instance, 3.5 mm scale is the same as HO. It should be noted that for HO and O -scales, NMRA uses letter 'O' whereas NEM uses the number zero ( H0 instead of HO ).
NMRA has defined alternative, more prototypical, track and wheel system standards in standard sheet S-1.1 for the purposes of reproducing the prototype proportions in scale model more realistically. These model railway standards are based on the full size prototype standards and the scale model operational reliability is therefore reduced in comparison to the models conforming to the normal NMRA standards. Proto and Finescale rails and wheels are generally not compatible with the normal scale model railway material with the same scale ratio.
Proto scale was originally developed by the Model Railway Study Group in Great Britain in 1966 and later adopted into NMRA standards with modifications necessary for the North American prototype railway standards. Proto scale reproduces faithfully the prototype wheel tread profile and track work used by the Association of American Railroads and the American Railway Engineering Association.
Finescale reproduces the prototype wheel tread profile and track work used by the Association of American Railroads and the American Railway Engineering Association with minor compromises for performance and manufacturability.
NMRA Popular Railway Scales
Scale Ratio Gauge Notes Z 1:220 0.257 in (6.52 mm) NMRA does not give any other dimensions for Z-scale apart from the gauge. Nn2 1:160 0.177 in (4.50 mm) narrow gauge Nn3 1:160 0.256 in (6.50 mm) narrow gauge N 1:160 0.353 in (8.97 mm) - TT 1:120 0.470 in (12.0 mm) - HOn2 or 3.5 mm 1:87.1 0.276 in (7.0 mm) narrow gauge HO or 3.5 mm 1:87.1 0.649 in (16.5 mm) - 00 or 4 mm 1:76.2 0.750 in (19.05 mm) - Sn3 or 3/16" 1:64 0.563 in (14.3 mm) narrow gauge S or 3/16" 1:64 0.883 in (22.4 mm) - On2 or 1/4" 1:48 0.500 in (12.7 mm) narrow gauge On30 or 1/4" 1:48 HO-track narrow gauge On3 or 1/4" 1:48 0.750 in (19.4 mm) narrow gauge O or 1/4" 1:48 1.250 in (31.8 mm) - #1n3 or 3/8" 1:32 1.125 in (28.6 mm) narrow gauge # I or 3/8" 1:32 1.766 in (44.85 mm) - Fn3 or 15 mm 1:20.32 #1-track narrow scale F or 15 mm 1:20.32 2.781 in (70.62 mm) Identical to Proto 20.32 except the wheel flange depth 3/4" 1:16 3.500 in (88.9 mm) - 1" 1:12 4.750 in (121 mm) - NMRA Deep Flange Scales
Scale Ratio Gauge Notes SHR or 3/16" 1:64 0.865 in (22.0 mm) - O27 - - Same as OHR but models 10% smaller
on the same track gaugeOHR or 1/4" 1:48 1.250 in (31.8 mm) - G or 3/8" 1:32 1.772 in (45.0 mm) - G 1:29 1.772 in (45.0 mm) - G 1:24 1.772 in (45.0 mm) - G 1:22.5 1.772 in (45.0 mm) - G 1:20.3 1.772 in (45.0 mm) - NMRA Proto Scales
Scale Ratio Gauge Notes Proto:20.32 1:20.32 2.781 in (70.63 mm) - Proto:20.32n3 1:20.32 1.772 in (45.00 mm) - Proto:32 1:32 1.766 in (44.85 mm) - Proto:32n3 1:32 1.125 in (28.58 mm) - Proto:48 1:48 1.177 in (29.9 mm) - Proto:48n3 1:48 0.750 in (19.05 mm) - Proto:64 1:64 0.883 in (22.42 mm) - Proto:64n3 1:64 0.563 in (14.29 mm) - Proto:87 1:87.1 0.649 in (16.48 mm) - Proto:87n3 1:87.1 0.413 in (10.50 mm) - NMRA Finescale
Scale Ratio Gauge Notes Fine:HO 1:87.1 0.649 in (16.48 mm) - Fine:HOn3 1:87.1 0.413 in (10.5 mm) - Fine:TT 1:120 0.470 in (12.0 mm) - Fine:TTn3 1:120 0.353 in (8.97 mm) - Fine:N 1:160 0.353 in (8.97 mm) - Fine:Nn3 1:160 0.250 in (6.35 mm) - British
The main railways in Great Britain use the international
standard gauge of 1435 mm but the loading gauge is narrower and lower than in the rest of Europe with the same standard gauge. This is one of the main reasons why the country has traditionally used its own distinctive model railway scales which can rarely be found outside the British Isles. This usually lead to a compromise where the body is 'overscale' for the track, or put another way, the track is narrower than it should be for the scale used. The globally more-widespread international NEM and NMRA scale standards are relatively rare in Great Britain and used almost exclusively by those modelling foreign prototypes.Scale Ratio Gauge Notes 000 or 2 mm 1:152 9.42 mm An early predecessor of small scales like N. Developed before World War II and became somewhat popular in the 1950's. No commercial products available. Today The 2mm Scale Association is the force behind the scale and 2mm scale has become a finescale alternative to the British N-scale.N 1:148 9 mm A British adaptation of N-scale for modelling British prototypes with a smaller loading gauge. Has a track gauge error of approximately -7%. Hobbyists who model European or American prototypes in Britain, use the standard N-scale with the scale ratio 1:160. TT3 or 3mm 1:102 12 mm Introduced by Triang in 1957 as a British adaptation of the American TT scale. Later Triang dropped this scale in favour of N scale and today there is no commercial following. Has a track gauge error of approximately -15%. HO or 3.5mm 1:87 16.5 mm HO scale was introduced in Britain in the 1920's. No commercial following and used by only a small number of modellers to model the British prototype. 00 or 4mm 1:76 16.5 mm The most popular railway modelling scale in Britain. Has a track gauge error of approximately -12.5%. EM or 4mm 1:76 18.2 mm This gauge is represented by the EM Society (in full, Eighteen Millimetre Society). HO track (16.5mm) is the wrong gauge for 1:76 scale, but if you're modelling using ready-to-run models, 18.2mm gauge track is the widest one can practically have without having to drastically modify the models. Has a track gauge error of approximately -3.5%. P4 (Protofour)/S4 (Scalefour) or 4mm 1:76.2 18.83 mm Exact or 'finescale' 4mm to 1ft scale. Originally started by the Protofour Society (P4) as an exact representation of 1:76.2 (note the extra '.2' which is the exact scale for OO). Later on, the Scalefour Society (S4) was inaugurated with slightly eased standards to aid track construction and for a time the two societies existed separately. Eventually the two societies merged as The Scalefour Society, retaining 'P4' as the name of the 'scale'. The standards set by the society are now applied to other prototypical track gauges (such as Irish Broad gauge). 0 or 7mm 1:43.5 32 mm Three sub-standards: Coarse, Unified and Fine. Has a track gauge error of approximately -3%. ScaleSeven (S7) 7mm1:43.5 33 mm A finescale scale represented by The ScaleSeven group. Japanese
While there are Japanese model railway manufacturers that export their products to other parts of the world and follow the scale standards of the export destinations, in Japan there are several domestic scales that are popular in the country but virtually unknown elsewhere. International NEM and NMRA scales are also used by some Japanese modellers. The main reason for the domestic scales different from international standards is the smaller prototype loading gauge and unusual gauges of Japanese railways: 600, 762 mm and 1067 mm (International standard gauge of 1435 mm is also used).
Scale Ratio Gauge Notes T 1:450 3 mm Launched at 2006 Tokyo Toy Show by Eishindo Co. ZZ 1:300 4.8 mm Introduced 2005 by Bandai ZJ 1:220 6.5 mm N 1:150 9 mm The most popular scale in Japan. For the models of Shinkansen high speed trains with a larger
loading scale, the international N scale standard ratio
of 1:160 is commonly used.TT9 1:120 9 mm Used also in New Zealand. H0n2½ 1:80 9 mm Used for 2' 6" (762 mm) narrow gauge. H0j 1:87 12 mm Correct for 1067 mm Japanese narrow gauge. #13 1:80 13 mm Correct for 1067 mm Japanese narrow gauge. H0 or #16 1:80 16.5 mm Used for ready-to-run models. - 1:50 20.5 mm Static models mostly 0j 1:45 24 mm Correct for 1067 mm Japanese narrow gauge. Live Steam
Live Steam model railways are not standardized systematically by any single standardization body. There are, however, certain scales and gauges which have become de-facto standards and in some cases correspond to either NEM or NMRA standard scales. One example is the "IBLS" (International Brotherhood of Live Steamers), an informal organization which has published standards for some of the gauges. Many clubs have their own standards, which also may vary slightly from country to country.
Hornby Railways have pioneered commercial model live steam in OO (1:76 scale on 16.5mm gauge), the existing models are heated using a controllable electric current through the 2 running rails and have the steam pressure chamber in the model tender. In addition the these scales, the United Kingdom has, over the last forty years, fathered a scale that is based on the predominant British narrow track gauge of about two feet [61cm] . Using 32mm - 0 gauge - track, there is an extensive range of 16mm to the foot scale [1:19] live-steam and other types of locomotives, rolling stock and accessories. Many of these models are dual gauge, and can be converted to run on 45mm track, and radio control is common. Locomotives in this scale are generally large and 'chunky', and can range from the tiny 0-4-0 seen on Welsh slate quarry lines all the way up to the very largest found in the UK, such as the ex-ACR NG/G16 Beyer-Garratt locomotives, seen running on the Welsh Highland Railway in North Wales. The hobby is supported by a number of 16mm live steam and electric traction builders, dominated by the likes of Roundhouse Engineering and Accucraft UK.Scale Ratio Standard Gauge Notes - 1:24 2.5 in (64.0 mm) The smallest scale able to pull real passengers. Was one of the first popular live steam gauges, developed in England in the early 1900's, but it has become rare in competition with larger live steam scales. Corresponds to NEM II scale. - 1:16 3 1/2 in (89.0 mm) A worldwide garden railroad scale. Corresponds to NEM III and NMRA 3/4". - 1:12 4 3/4 in (121.0 mm) North America specific scale corresponding to NMRA 1" scale. 1:12 is one of the most popular backyard railway scales. - 1:11 5 in (127.0 mm) Used outside North America. Corresponds to NEM V. One of the most popular garden railway scales. - 1:8 7 1/4 in (184.0 mm) Used in North-Eastern USA, Canada and the world outside North America. Corresponds to NEM VII. - 1:8 7 1/2 in (190.0 mm) Used in the Western parts of the USA. External links
* [http://www.lionel.com/ForTheHobbyist/Guides/AboutGuage.cfm "About Gauge" guide] from Lionel discussing O versus O27 gauge
* [http://www.lionel.com/ForTheHobbyist/Guides/MoreAboutGuage.cfm "More About Gauge" guide] from Lionel discussing gauges other than O
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