- Stephen of Perm
Infobox Saint
name=Stephen of Perm
birth_date=1340
death_date=1396
feast_day=April 26
venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church
imagesize=250px
caption="Saint Stephen on his way to Moscow", a medieval Russian illumination
birth_place=Veliky Ustyug ,Russia
death_place=Moscow, Russia
titles="The Enlightener of Perm"
Bishop of Perm
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issues=Saint Stephen of Perm (Russian : Стефан Пермский / Stefan Perms, also spelled "Stephan") (1340 – 1396) [Janet Martin, "Medieval Russia, 980-1584", (Cambridge, 1995), p. 225] was a fourteenth century
missionary credited with the conversion of theKomi Permyaks toChristianity and the establishment of the Bishopric of Perm'. Stephen also created theOld Permic script , which makes him the founding-father of Permian written tradition. "The Enlightener of Perm" or the "Apostle of the Permians", as he is sometimes called, is commemorated by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches onApril 26 .Stephen was probably from the town of Ustiug. ["op. cit.", p. 226] According to a church tradition, his mother was a Komi woman. Stephen took his monastic vows in
Rostov , where he learned Greek and learned his trade as a copyist. ["loc. cit."] In the year 1376, he voyaged to lands along the Vychegda and Vym' rivers, and it was then that he engaged in the conversion of the Zyriane (Komi peoples ). ["loc. cit."] Rather than imposing theLatin orChurch Slavonic on the indigenous pagan populace, as all the contemporary missionaries did, Stephen learnt their language and traditions and worked out a distinct writing system for their use. Although his destruction of pagan idols (e.g., holybirch es) earned him the wrath of some Permians,Pimen , the Metropolitan of All Rus', created him as the firstbishop of Perm'. ["loc. cit."]The effect of the new bishopric and the conversion of the
Vychegda Perm threatened the control that Novgorod had been enjoying over the region's tribute. ["loc. cit."] In 1385, theArchbishop of Novgorod Aleksei (r. 1359-1388) sent a Novgorodian army to oust the new establishment, but the new bishopric, with the help of the city of Ustiug, was able to defeat it. ["loc. cit."] In 1386, Stephan visited Novgorod the following year, and the city and its archbishop formally acknowledged the new situation. ["loc. cit."] Subsequently, the region's tribute became the luxury of Moscow. These events had immense repercussions for the future of northern Russia, and formed but one part of a larger trend which saw more and more of the Finnic North and its preciouspelt s passing from the control of Novgorod toMoscow . ["loc. cit."]The historian Serge Zenkovsky wrote that St. Stephen of Perm, along with
Epiphanius the Wise ,St. Sergius of Radonezh , and the great painterAndrei Rublev signified "the Russian spiritual and cultural revival of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century." [Serge A. Zenkovsky, "Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales", Revised Edition, (New York, 1974), p. 259] Indeed, Stephen's life encapsulates both the political and religious expansion of "Muscovite" Russia. Stephen's life was in fact commemorated in the writings of the aforementioned Epiphanius, who famously wrote the "Panegyric to Saint Stephen of Perm ", a text with praises Stephen for his evangelical activities, and styles him the "creator of Permian letters". ["op. cit.", p. 261]Notes
References
*Ferguson, Charles. 1971. St. Stefan of Perm and applied linguistics. (Originally published in 1967, in "To Honor Roman Jakobson", ed. by Morris Halle, pp. 643-653. The Hague: Mouton. Also reprinted in 1968 "Language Problems of Developing Nations", ed. by
Joshua Fishman ,Charles Ferguson , and J. Das Gupta, pp. 27-35. New York Wiley and Sons.) "Language Structure and Language Use: Essays by Charles Ferguson", ed. by Answar S. Dil, pp. 197-218. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
*Martin, Janet, "Medieval Russia, 980-1584", (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 225-6
*Zenkovsky, Serge A. (ed.), "Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales", Revised Edition, (New York, 1974), pp. 259-62External links
*ru icon [http://www.drevne.ru/lib/stefan.htm Medieval "Life" of Saint Stephen]
*ru icon [http://lib.eparhia-saratov.ru/books/20f/fedotov/saints/12.html A chapter from "The Saints of Ancient Rus", by Georgy Fedotov]
*ru icon [http://days.ru/Life/life937.htm Life of Saint Stephen, with illustrations]
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