Judith Merril

Infobox Writer
name = Judith Merril


caption =
pseudonym = Cyril Judd
birthdate = birth date|1923|1|21|mf=y
birthplace = Boston, Massachusetts
deathdate = death date and age|1997|9|12|1923|1|21|mf=y
deathplace = Toronto, Canada
occupation = Editor, novelist, short story author
genre = Science fiction
movement =
main_work =
debut_works = "That Only a Mother"
influences =
influenced = Karl Schroeder
website =

Judith Josephine Grossman (January 21, 1923 - September 12, 1997), who took the pen-name Judith Merril about 1945, was an American and then Canadian science fiction writer, editor and political activist.

Biography

Judith Merril's first paid writing was in other genres, but in her first few years of writing published science fiction she wrote her three novels (all but the first in collaboration with C.M. Kornbluth) and some stories. Her roughly four decades in that genre also included writing 26 published short stories, and editing a similar number of anthologies.

Merril was born in Boston. After her father's suicide during her grade-school years, her mother found a job at Bronx House and moved them to the borough of the Bronx in New York City. In her mid-teens, she pursued Zionism and Marxism.

In 1939, she graduated from Morris High School [http://www.friendsofmerril.org/sol18.html] at 16, and rethought her politics under the influence of the Hitler-Stalin Pact. She married Dan Zissman the next year, less than four months into a relationship that started through Trotskyist activities. Their daughter Merril Zissman was born in December 1942. In this period, she also became a member of the New York City-based group of science fiction writers, editors, artists and fans, the Futurians, which included Kornbluth. The Zissmans separated about 1945; in 1946 Frederik Pohl, another Futurian, began living with her. After her divorce from Zissman became final, she married Pohl, both during 1948.

She began writing professionally, especially short stories about sports, starting in 1945, before publishing her first science-fiction story in 1948. A number, but by no means all, of her contributions were to magazines edited by fellow ex-Futurians. She was a co-founder of the Hydra Club in this period. Her story "Dead Center" ("The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction", November, 1954) is one of only two stories take from any science fiction or fantasy magazine for the "Best American Short Stories" volumes edited by Martha Foley in the 1950s.

Her second child, Ann, was born in 1950; in 1952 she separated from Pohl, and their divorce finalized the next year, in which she also lived with Walter M. Miller, Jr. for six months. Her third marriage came in 1960, devolving into separation, in 1963, but never a final divorce. Ann's daughter (Merril's granddaughter), Emily Pohl-Weary, is an author of young adult fiction and science-fiction stories. (She also co-authored Merril's biography after the latter's death, using access to her drafts, notes and letters. [Emily Pohl-Weary (2002). Better to have loved : the life of Judith Merril, Toronto: Between the Lines, 282p. ISBN 1-896357-57-1. ] )

Merril began editing science fiction short story anthologies in 1950 -- especially a popular "Year's Best" story-anthology series of that ran from 1956 to 1967 -- and published her last in 1985. In her editorial introductions, talks and other writings, she actively argued that science fiction should no longer be isolated but become part of the literary mainstream. Science fiction scholar Rob Latham noted in 2005 that "throughout the 1950s, Merril, along with fellow SF authors James Blish and Damon Knight had taken the lead in promoting higher literary standards and a greater sense of professionalism within the field" (p.203) -- especially by establishing an annual series of writers' conferences in Milford, Pennsylvania, where Merril then lived. Manuscripts were workshopped at these avid gatherings, thus encouraging more care in the planning of stories, and a sense of solidarity was promoted, eventually leading to the formation of the Science Fiction Writers Association" (Latham, 2005, p. 204). However, "disaffected authors began griping about a `Milford Mafia' that was endangering SF's unique virtues by imposing literary standards essentially alien to the field" (Latham, 2005, p. 204).

A project she began in the early 1960s, under contract to Lion Books in Chicago, was abortive, but inspired her publisher's editor, Harlan Ellison, to go forward with his version of the project, "Dangerous Visions" (Doubleday, 1967). As an initiator of the New Wave movement, in 1968 she edited the anthology England Swings SF. She collected the stories for it while living in England for a year in the late 1960s.

In the late 1960s, citing what she called undemocratic suppression of anti-war activities by the U.S. government, she moved to Canada.

In 1970 she began an endowment at the Toronto Public Library for the collection of all science fiction published in the English language. She donated all of the unpublished manuscripts in her possession to the library, which set up the "Spaced Out Library" (Merril's term), with Merril in a non-administrative role as curator. The library has had its own physical space from the onset. It was renamed in Merril's last decade as the Merril Collection of Science Fiction, Speculation, and Fantasy. Merril received a small annual stipend as curator, and when low on funds, she lived in her office at the library, sleeping on a cot.

From 1978 to 1981 she introduced Canadian broadcasts of Doctor Who As the "Undoctor," Merril presented short (3-7 minute) philosophical commentaries on the show's themes.

Merril became a Canadian citizen in 1976. She became active in the Writers' Union. When the Union debated at its annual meeting whether people could write about other genders and ethnic groups, she exclaimed "Who will speak for the aliens?" which closed the debate.

From the mid-1970s until her death, Merril spent much time in the Canadian peace movement, including traveling to Ottawa dressed as a witch in order to symbolically hex Parliament for allowing American cruise missile testing over Canada.

She also remained active in the SF world as a commentator and mentor. Her lifetime of work was honoured by the International Authors Festival at the Harbourfront Centre, Toronto.

The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (the renamed SFWA) made Merril its Author Emeritus for 1997.

In contemplation of her death, she left a sizable sum of money to hold a celebratory/memorial party at Toronto's Bamboo Club. An organized editor to the end, she prepared detailed lists of who should call whom when she finally died.

elected works

*"That Only a Mother" (1948, short story)
*"Shadow on the Hearth" (1950)
*"Outpost Mars" (1950, with C. M. Kornbluth as "Cyril Judd")
*"Gunner Cade" (1952, with C. M. Kornbluth as "Cyril Judd")
*"" (1956, editor)
*"" (1957, editor)
*"" (1958, editor)
*"" (1959, editor)
*"The 5th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F" (1960, editor)
*"The 6th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F" (1961, editor)
*"The 7th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F" (1962, editor)
*"The 8th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F" (1963, editor)
*"The 9th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F" (1964, editor)
*"The 10th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F" (1965, editor)
*"The 11th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F" (1966, editor)
*"SF12" (1967, editor)
* England Swings SF (1968, editor)
*"Daughters of Earth and Other Stories" (1968, short story collection)
*"Survival Ship and Other Stories " (1973, short story collection)
*"The Best of Judith Merril" (1976, short story collection)
*"Tesseracts" (1985, editor)
*"Homecalling and Other Stories: The Complete Solo Short SF of Judith Merril" (2005, short story collection, edited by Elisabeth Carey)

References

*cite book |last=Merril |first=Judith |authorlink= |coauthors=Emily Pohl-Weary |title="Better to have loved : the life of Judith Merril" |format=paperback |accessdate= |year=2002 |publisher=Between the Lines |location=Toronto |id=ISBN 1-896357-57-1 |doi = |pages=282p
*cite book|last=Latham|first=Rob|year=2005|chapter|The New Wave|pages= pp. 202-216|title=A Companion to Science Fiction|editor=David Seed|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell
*"What If? A Film about Judith Merril." full-length documentary. Writer/director: Helene Klodawsky. Producer: Imageries, Montreal. First shown on Canadian Space Channel, February 1999.

References

External links

* [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/uni_spe_mer_index.jsp The Merril Collection]
* [http://www.judithmerril.com/ Judithmerril.com - includes detailed biography]
* [http://www.sfwriter.com/merril.htm Judith Merril appreciation from "The Globe and Mail"]

*isfdb name|id=Judith_Merril|name=Judith Merril