Dick Fosbury

Dick Fosbury

Personal information
Born	March 6, 1947 (1947-03-06) (age 64) Portland, Oregon
Height	1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
Weight	83 kg (180 lb; 13.1 st)
Sport
Country	United States
Sport	high jump
Medal record Olympic medal record Men's track & field Competitor for the  United States Olympic Games Gold 1968 Mexico City High jump

Richard Douglas "Dick" Fosbury (born March 6, 1947) is one of the most influential athletes in the history of track and field. He completely revolutionized the high jump event, inventing a unique "back-first" technique, now known as the Fosbury Flop, adopted by almost all high jumpers today. His method was to sprint diagonally towards the bar, then curve and leap backwards over the bar. He continues to be involved in athletics as President of the World Olympians Association ^[1]

Athletic career

High school and the origins of the Fosbury Flop

A high jumper performing the straddle technique, the first high jumping technique that Fosbury was taught

Fosbury, who was born in Portland, Oregon, first started experimenting with a new high jumping technique at age 16, while attending high school in Medford, Oregon.^[2] Fosbury had difficulty competing using the dominant high jumping techniques of the period. In his sophomore year, he failed to complete jumps of 5 feet, the qualifying height for many high school track meets.^[3] This dominant technique, the straddle method, was a complex motion where an athlete went over the high jump bar facing down, and lifted his legs individually over the bar. Fosbury found it difficult to coordinate all the motions involved in the straddle method, and began to experiment with other ways of doing the high jump. At first, he tried to use an outdated technique known as the upright scissors method. In this method, a jumper runs upright towards the bar, facing forward, and during his jump lifts his straight legs one at a time over the bar.^[3] High jump rules stipulate only that competitors may only jump off one foot at takeoff: there is no rule governing how a competitor crosses the bar, so long as he or she goes over it.^[4] As he began to experiment with this technique, he gradually adapted it to make himself more comfortable and to get more height out of it. Nonetheless, it was nowhere near as coordinated as a well-performed straddle method jump, and one historian has referred to Fosbury's early attempts as an 'airborne seizure', but during the latter part of his sophomore year and the beginning of his junior year, it began to produce results, and he gradually was able to clear higher jumps.^[3]

A high jumper performing a Fosbury flop, curving his body over the bar as he goes over it head-first and backwards

Gradually, Fosbury shifted his positioning during the jump, such that by his senior year he had begun to go over the bar backwards, head-first, curving his body over the bar and kicking his legs up in the air at the end of the jump. This required him to land on his back, but prior to his junior year, his high school had replaced its wood chip landing pit with a softer material, so he was able to land safely.^[3] Luckily for Fosbury, replacement of landing surfaces with foam rubber was becoming common across the United States in the early 1960s. Sawdust, sand, or wood chip surfaces had been usable previously because jumpers using the scissors technique were able to clear the bar while upright and then land on their feet, while those using the Western Roll or Straddle made a three-point landing on their hands and lead leg. In the late 1950s, American colleges began to use bundles of soft foam rubber, usually held together by a mesh net. These bundles were not only much softer, but were also elevated about 3 feet (1 meter) off the ground. By the early 1960s, American high schools were following the lead of the colleges in acquiring foam rubber landing pits. With the new, softer, elevated landing surface, Fosbury was able to land safely on his back without snapping his neck.^{[citation needed]}

Fosbury's coaches at first encouraged him to continue practicing the straddle method, but abandoned that when his marks continued to improve. In his junior year, he broke his high school record with a 6 foot, 3 inch jump, and the next year took second place in the state with a 6 foot, 5.5 inch jump. Other high school jumpers in the United States and Canada had experimented with similar techniques, but Fosbury was the first to gain widespread media attention. A 1964 photograph of him performing his technique was widely distributed, and was reprinted in newspapers around the world. Many of them made fun of the new technique, with one newspaper captioning the photograph, "World's Laziest High Jumper." The technique gained the name the "Fosbury Flop" after a reporter for a Medford newspaper wrote that he looked like a, "fish flopping in a boat."^[3]

College

After graduating from Medford High School in 1965, he enrolled at Oregon State University in Corvallis. Fosbury won the 1968 NCAA title using his new technique, as well as the United States Olympic Trials.

Fosbury continued to refine his technique, developing a curved, J-shaped approach run. This allowed him to increase his speed, while the final "curved" steps served to rotate his hips. As his speed increased, so did his elevation. Fosbury made little-to-no use of his arms at takeoff, failing to "pump" them upwards, keeping them down, close to his body: the next generation of floppers would add an arm pump. Fosbury's key discovery was the need to adjust his point-of-takeoff as the bar was raised. His flight through the air described a parabola: as the bar went up in height, he needed more "flight time" so that the top of his arc was achieved as his hips passed over the bar. To increase "flight time", Fosbury moved his takeoff farther and farther away from the bar (and the pit). Jumpers have a natural tendency to be drawn in closer to the bar and it requires mental discipline to move out, rather than in. By way of comparison, classic Straddle jumpers plant their take-off foot in the same place every time, less than one foot away from a line parallel with the bar. Photographs of Fosbury attempting heights above 7 feet show him taking off nearly four feet (over one meter) out from the bar.

Fosbury at the 1968 Summer Olympics

At the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, he took the gold medal and set a new Olympic record at 2.24 meters (7 feet 4.25 inches), displaying the potential of the new technique. Despite the initial skeptical reactions from the high jumping community, the "Fosbury Flop" quickly gained acceptance. In the Finals competition, only three jumpers cleared 2.20 meters (7 feet 2.5 inches), and Fosbury was in the lead by virtue of having cleared every height on his first attempt. At the next height, 2.22 m (7 feet 3.25 inches), Fosbury again cleared the bar on his first jump. His teammate, Ed Caruthers, cleared on his second effort, while Valentin Gavrilov of the Soviet Union missed on all three attempts and earned the bronze medal (third place).^[5] The bar was raised to 2.24 meters, which would be new Olympic and United States records. Fosbury missed on his first two attempts, but cleared on his third, while Caruthers missed on all three of his attempts.^[6]

Athletic legacy and the dominance of the flop

Four years later, in Munich, 28 of the 40 competitors used Fosbury's technique. By 1980, thirteen of the sixteen Olympic finalists used it.^[7] Of the 36 Olympic medalists in the event from 1972 through 2000, 34 used "the Flop".^{[citation needed]} Today it is the most popular technique in modern high jumping.^[8]

Personal life

Fosbury graduated from OSU in 1972 with a degree in civil engineering and is the co-owner of Galena Engineering, Inc. in Ketchum, Idaho, where he has lived since 1977.^[9]

In March 2008, Fosbury was diagnosed with stage one lymphoma. He had surgery a month later to remove a cancerous tumor engulfing his lower vertebra. Due to concerns about tumor's proximity to the spine, it was not completely removed and he was put on a chemotherapy regimen.^[10] In March 2009 Fosbury announced that he was in remission.^[11]

Dick Fosbury is today a member of the ‘Champions for Peace’ club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization.^[12]

Footnotes

1. ^ World Olympians Association Website
2. ^ "Dick Fosbury". Hall of Fame. USA Track and Field. http://www.usatf.com/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=57. Retrieved 2010-02-24. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hoffer, Richard (2009). Something in the Air: American Passion and Defiance in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. Simon & Schuster. pp. 69–80. ISBN 1416588949. http://books.google.com/books?id=8NCXcrGcjiwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Something+in+the+Air:+American+Passion+and+Defiance+in+the+1968+Mexico+City+Olympics,#v=onepage&q=fosbury&f=false. 
4. ^ USA Track & Field, and IAAF Rule 182
5. ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1968/ATH/mens-high-jump.html
6. ^ Something in the Air: American Passion and Defiance in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, by Richard Hoffer (Simon & Schuster, 2009)
7. ^ HickSports.com Sports Biography - Dick Fosbury
8. ^ International Olympic Committee News - Richard Fosbury: High Jump Revolution
9. ^ Sun Valley Guide - Raising the bar, A man, the 'Flop' and an Olympic gold medal
10. ^ USATF - In the Stands With Dick Fosbury
11. ^ Fosbury's Cancer Tumor Gone SI.com, March 26, 2009
12. ^ Peace and Sport

Persondata
Name	Fosbury, Dick
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	March 6, 1947
Place of birth	Portland, Oregon
Date of death
Place of death