A World Restored

"A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822" is a book by Henry Kissinger. "A World Restored, Metternich, Castlereagh and the conservative politics in a revolutionary world" is an important seminal work on European diplomacy. The book began life as the doctorate dissertation of Henry Kissinger - later US Secretary of State in the 1970s - at Harvard University in 1954, and has enjoyed even more influence as a result of its author's public fame.

"A World Restored" explains the complex chain of Congresses that started before the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1814 with the Congress of Vienna, and extended into the 1820s, as a system expected to give Europe peace and a new order after the violent struggles of the previous quarter century. At the same time, the book introduces the reader to the political biographies of two important characters of the time. The first and main character is Prince Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor at that time. As the statesman of an old and fragile multilingual empire, Metternich had to deal with the task of organizing the alliance against Napoleon, while at the same time being a forced ally of France. After Napoleon was defeated, Metternich became the organizer of the Congress system, through which he would seek the survival and advancement of Austria. An 18th century styled rococo figure, old-fashioned even in his own era, but described as having superlative diplomatic skills, Prince Clemens von Metternich pursued a peace for Europe, based on restored monarchical principles, and on solidarity among the monarchs of Europe. The French Revolution of 1789, and the subsequent Napoleonic invasion and rule of much of Europe, had implanted new liberal revolutionary ideas that were never to be eliminated. At the same time nationalism was rising over much of the world. The Hapsburg Empire was a complex political entity, with many ethnic groups and languages coexisting within it, and these forces threatened the survival of the Empire. Metternich expected to lead an alliance against France, pressing only enough to depose Napoleon, who had shown complete unwillingness to accept a moderate peace, but preserving a strong France under a restored Bourbon monarchy as a counterweight to the power of Russia.

From 1812, moderation would be Metternich's guiding principle in the path to European order, as he carried Austria from the forced French alliance during Napoleon's invasion of Russia (in which an Austrian corps under Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg took part), into neutrality during the campaign of Spring 1813, and finally as a leading member of the anti-French alliance which defeated France in 1813-14. In the process, Metternich avoided breaking any of his treaties with his counterparts, since only established order among states would permit fragile Austria to survive. Metternich was very skillful in this and gained the confidence of all rulers at the many European congresses that followed. In his view, solidarity among monarchs would restrain the danger of liberal revolutions and diverse national upheavals around Europe. The other great character is British Foreign Secretary at the time, Viscount Castlereagh. As the only British politician to understand Meternich's ambitions and reasoning, and the need for an organized European order, he was strongly criticized in Britain, for getting too involved in continental politics in the name of British interests. After the Congress of Vienna, he was forbidden to attend any more European congresses. Castlereagh would later commit suicide for unrelated reasons in 1822. From that moment on, Britain would start her long period of splendid isolation, based on her supposed insular invulnerability and on the belief that Peace was a simple consequence of Napoleon's defeat. For Austria, a continental power, the reality was different. Any Napoleon could emerge at any time, and a strong European concert of conservative monarchs, based on principle, was necessary to prevent dangers before they arose. Although the Congress system worked only for a few years, the concept and principles on which it was based allowed the longest period of peace among states in history, with only few and minor interruptions. Ironically, it was such a long peace, that the faith in it and the forgotten consequences of war, ended in an arms race followed by a new and much larger catastrophe in 1914. Kissinger's work is a fine and subtle work in the history of diplomacy. At the same time it is a great approach to the task of the statesman, shedding much light on the widely-held hostility to the idea that the statesman should not be subject to the same moral requirements as ordinary men, a doctrine which many see as an implicit inviation to evil. In Metternich's view, as interpreted by Kissinger, there were Statesmen and Prophets. Prophets (nowadays called Ayatollahs or Hawks), pursuit an absolute truth, no matter what happens in the meantime. Statesmen, on the contrary, understand the interest of the state, but know that only a common morality and a set of principles for international relations can bring the hope of peace.

Source

*"A World Restored, Metternich, Castlereagh and the conservative politics in a revolutionary world". Henry Kissinger, 1973, Spanish Edition.