Closed kinetic chain exercises

Closed kinetic chain exercises

Closed kinetic chain exercises or closed chain exercises (CKC) are physical exercises performed where the hand (for arm movement) or foot (for leg movement) is fixed and cannot move. The hand/foot remains in constant contact with the surface, usually the ground or the base of a machine. These exercises are typically weight bearing exercises, where an exerciser uses one's own body weight and/ or external weight.

The opposite of CKC exercises are open kinetic chain exercises (OKC). Closed chain exercises are considered safer and more functional compared to open chain exercises.[1] Nonetheless, the two families of exercises can co-exist in enabling rehabilitation and strengthening objectives.[2] Closed chain exercises generally incur compressive forces, while open-chain exercises promote more shearing forces.[3] CKC exercises involve more than one muscle group and joint simultaneously rather than concentrating solely on one, as many OKC exercises do, lending the former to more utilitarian and athletic activities.[4][5]

Closed chain upper body exercises

Push-ups and their derivatives, pull-ups or chin-ups, and dips. These concentrate on a co-contraction of the triceps, biceps, deltoids, pectorals, lats, abdominals and lower back for stabilization in various ratios depending upon angle and leverage.[6]

Closed chain lower body exercises

Squats, deadlifts, lunges, power cleans. These concentrate on a co-contraction of the quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles. The joints of movement include the knee, hip, and ankle.[6]

References

  1. ^ Open versus closed kinetic chain exercise: issues in rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Fitzgerald GK. Phys Ther. 1997 Dec;77(12):1747-54.
  2. ^ Treatment approaches following foot and ankle injury. Seto JL, Brewster CE. Clin Sports Med. 1994 Oct;13(4):695-718.
  3. ^ Electromyographic evaluation of closed and open kinetic chain knee rehabilitation exercises. Graham VL, Gehlsen GM, Edwards JA. J Athl Train. 1993 Spring;28(1):23-30.
  4. ^ The relationship between open and closed kinetic chain strength of the lower limb and jumping performance. Blackburn JR, Morrissey MC. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998 Jun;27(6):430-5.
  5. ^ Closed-kinetic chain upper-body training improves throwing performance of NCAA Division I softball players. Prokopy MP, Ingersoll CD, Nordenschild E, Katch FI, Gaesser GA, Weltman A. J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Nov;22(6):1790-8.
  6. ^ a b Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise. A Comprehensive Guide to Multiple Joint Exercises. Todd Ellenbecker, George Davies 2001 ISBN 9780736001700
  • Miller, John P. and Croce, Ronald V. (2007). "Analysis of Isokinetic and Closed Chain Movements for Hamstring Reciprocal Coactivation". Journal of Sport Rehabilitation (16): 319–325. 

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