Tacitus on Christ

:"This article is part of the Jesus and history series of articles.

The Roman historian Tacitus, writing in his "Annals" (c. 116) about the Great Fire of Rome (64), included an account of how the emperor Nero blamed the Christians in Rome for the disaster and initiated the first known persecution of early Christians by the Romans. This has become one of the best known and most discussed passages of Tacitus' works. [Syme 533 n. 5 ("This famous chapter has provoked an enormous literature...").] Although partly aimed at showing the inhumanity of the emperor, Tacitus' remarks have been studied more by modern scholars for information about his own religious attitudes and about the early history of Christianity.

Context

Tacitus describes the support for the homeless provided by Nero and the rebuilding of the city, then refers to religious rituals carried out based on a consultation of the Sibylline Books. [Tacitus, "Annals" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0077:book=15:chapter=39 15.39–43] .] However, none of this did away with the suspicion that the fire had been started on Nero's orders:

Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind. Mockery of every sort was added to their deaths. Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired.Tacitus, "Annals" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0077:book=15:chapter=44 15.44] , translated by Church and Brodribb.]

Tacitus then returns to the topic of Nero's reputation and the effect on it of these events: "Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car. Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed."

Authenticity and Reliability

Some people have suggested that this passage could be a later addition by Christian scribes, [ however there is little evidence to support that assertion.

[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/gordon_stein/jesus.shtml Stein, Gordon, "The American Rationalist", "The Jesus of History: A Reply to Josh McDowell" (1982)] .] No early Christian writers refer to Tacitus even when discussing the subject of Nero and Christian persecution. Tertullian, Lactantius, Sulpicius Severus, Eusebius and Augustine of Hippo make no reference to Tacitus when discussing Christian persecution by Nero, however the Tacitus text itself demonstrates that it may not be such a good resource for Christians to refer to since the text derides Christians and Christianity. [See Tertullian, "Apologeticum", lost text quoted in Eusebius, "Ecclesiastical History" II.25.4; Lactantius, "Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died" II; Sulpicius Severus, "Chronica" II.28; Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History II.25.5; Augustine of Hippo, "City of God" XX.19.3]

Sulpicius Severus repeats the passage nearly verbatim without crediting Tacitus in "Chronica", but it is unknown whether Severus borrowed from Tacitus, whether a Christian scribe inserted Severus into Tacitus or whether a third source was involved. It also should be noted that there is no direct evidence to support these assertions.

The passage also apparently mistakenly calls Pontius Pilate a procurator instead of a prefect, an apparent mistake also made in a passage by Josephus. [Josephus, "The Antiquities of the Jews" XVIII.3.1] This apparent mistake, while possibly showing a common editor of Tacitus and Josephus could also be Tacitus using Josephus as a source or both of them using a common source. However, it should be noted that after Herod Agrippa's death in 44 AD, when Judea reverted to direct Roman rule, the governors of Judea were given the title of procurator, which became the standard title to refer to those governors. Therefore, the more likely reason as to why we see Tacitus regarding Pilate as a Procurator instead of a Prefect is because in circa AD 110 when Tacitus wrote his Annals, the Roman title for a governor of Judea was in fact "Procurator."

On the other hand, others argue that the passage is far too critical of Christians to be added by Christian scribes. The passage even implies that the Christians may have been guilty of setting fire to Rome. Further, there may be evidence of persecution against Christians in Rome during Nero's reign. The historian Suetonius also mentions Christians being harmed during this period by Nero, but there is no connection made with the fire. [Suetonius, "Lives of Twelve Caesars" Life of Nero 16]
Robert Van Voorst writes that "the vast majority of scholars" conclude that the passage is authentic. [ [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/tacitus.html Robert Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament, pp. 42-43 as quoted at earlychristianwritings.com] ]

Notes

References

*cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |authorlink=Ronald Syme |title=Tacitus |year=1958 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-814327-3 |pages=

External links

* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/tacitus.html Early Christian Writings: Cornelius Tacitus]