Košice

Geobox | Settlement
name = Košice
category = City

image_caption = Hlavná ulica (Main Street)

symbol =Coat_of_arms_of_Košice.png symbol_type = Coat of arms
etymology =
official_name =
motto =
nickname =
country = Slovakia
country_

state =
region = Košice
district = Košice I-IV
commune =
municipality =
part_type = Districts
part = Košice I
part1 = Košice II
part2 = Košice III
part3 = Košice IV
river = Hornád
location =
elevation = 206
lat_d = 48
lat_m = 42
lat_s = 58
lat_NS = N
long_d = 21
long_m = 15
long_s = 41
long_EW = E
coordinates_type = region:SK_type:city
highest =
highest_elevation =
highest_lat_d =
highest_long_d =
lowest =
lowest_elevation =
lowest_lat_d =
lowest_long_d =
area = 242.768
area_round = 3
population = 234596
population_date = 2006-12-31
population_density = auto
established = 1230
established_type = First mentioned
government = City council
mayor = František Knapík
timezone =

map_background = Slovakia - background map.png map_caption = Location in Slovakia
map_locator = Slovakia
map1 = Košice Region - outline map.svg
map1_background = Košice Region - background map.png map1_caption = Location in the Košice Region
map1_locator = Košice Region
commons = Košice
statistics = [http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven440890&lstObec599981&Okruhzaklad MOŠ/MIS]
website = [http://www.kosice.sk/languages.asp?id1 www.kosice.sk]
footnotes =

Košice (Audio|Kosice.ogg|Slovak pronunciation: IPA| [ˈkɔʃɪʦɛ] ; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. It is situated on the Hornád River at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains, near the borders with Hungary. With a population of nearly 235,000 Košice is the second largest city after Bratislava. Being the economic and cultural centre of eastern Slovakia, Košice is the seat of the Košice Region and Košice Self-governing Region, the Slovak Constitutional Court, three universities, various dioceses, and other institutions. The city has a well-preserved historical centre, with Slovakia's biggest Gothic cathedral. The city is well known as the first settlement in Europe to be granted its own coat-of-arms.

Names

The first written mention of the city was in 1230 as "villa Cassa".cite web | City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?sekcia=historia | title = Short History of Košice | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008] The Slovak name of the city comes from the Slavic personal name "Koša" with the patronymic suffix "-ice". [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_13_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 13. storočie | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak] Though according to other sources the city name probably stems from an ancient Hungarian first name which begins with "Ko" such as Kokos-Kakas, Kolumbán-Kálmán, Kopov-Kopó. [cite web | publisher = | url = http://www.c3.hu/~csszmka/index/kszlov/kassa.htm| title = Csehországi és Szlovákiai Magyar Kultúráért Alapítvány honlapja | date = | accessdate = 12 August | accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian] Historically, the city has been known as "Kaschau" in German, "Kassa" in Hungarian, "Cassovia" or "Caschovia" in Latin, "Cassovie" in French, "Caşovia" in Romanian and "Koszyce" in Polish (see for more languages).

History

The first evidence of inhabitance can be traced back to the end of the Paleolithic era. However, the first written reference to Košice (its southern suburb) comes only from 1230 as "Villa Cassa". After the invasion of Mongols in 1241, King Béla IV of Hungary invited German colonists to fill the gaps in population. The city was made of two independent settlements: Lower Košice and Upper Košice, amalgamated in the 13th century. The first known town privileges come from 1290. The city grew quickly because of its strategic location on an international trade route to Poland. The privileges given by the king were helpful in developing crafts, business, increasing importance and for the development of this city. The oldest guild regulations were registered in 1307. [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_14_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 14. storočie | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak] In 1321 Košice became a free royal town after it reinforced the king's troops in the crucial moment of the bloody Battle of Rozgony against the Amadé family. In 1347, Košice became the second placed city in the hierarchy of the Hungarian free royal towns, after the capital Buda. As the first city in Europe, Košice received its own coat of arms in 1369 from Louis I of Hungary.cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1143.htm | title = Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice - 1143-1560 | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak] The Diet convened by Louis I to Košice decided that women can inherit the Hungarian throne. Since the beginning of the 15th century, the city had been playing a leading role in the Pentapolitana - a league of towns of five most important cities of the northern part of the Kingdom (Bardejov, Levoča, Košice, Prešov, and Sabinov).cite web | publisher = inZine | url = http://www.inzine.sk/article.asp?art=9199 | title = Slovenské mestá a ich príbehy - „Ci pana, ta co v tych Košicoch zrobili?“ | date = 2003 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak]

The history of Košice in the subsequent centuries was influenced by the dynastic disputes over the Hungarian throne. Władysław III of Poland failed to capture the city in 1441. Johann Giskra's mercenaries from Bohemia defeated Tamás Székely's Hungarian army in 1449. Albert, Prince of Poland could not capture the city during a six months long siege in 1491. In 1526 the city homaged for Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. János Szapolyai captured the city in 1536 but Ferdinand I reconquered the city in 1551. [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://mek.oszk.hu/00000/00060/html/055/pc005582.html| title = Pallas nagy lexikon | accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian] In 1604 Stephen Bocskay occupied Košice during his insurrection against the Habsburg dynasty. Giorgio Basta, commander of the Habsburg forces, failed to capture the city, but Ferdinand I eventually conquered it in 1606. Stephen Bocskay died in Košice on 29 December, 1606 and was also interred there. On 5 September 1619 Gabriel Bethlen captured Košice in another anti-Habsubrg insurrection. Košice also became the place of his wedding with Katalin Brandenburgi. [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://utazastender.hu/varoslatogatas_kassa| title = Tenderlap| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian] On 18 january 1644 the Diet in Košice elected George I Rákóczi the prince of Hungary. In 1657 a printing house and a college were founded by the Jesuits there. The city was besieged by kuruc armies several times in the 1670s and it revolted against the Habsburg emperor. The rebel leaders were massacred by emperor's soldiers on 26 November 1677. A modern pentagonal fortress was built by the Habsburgs south of the city in 1670. Another rebel leader, Imre Thököly captured it in 1682 but the Austrian field marshal Aeneas de Caprara got it back on 25 October 1685. The fortress was demolished by 1713.

In the 17th century it was the "de facto" capital of Upper Hungary (in 1563–1686 as the seat of the "Captaincy of Upper Hungary", and in 1567–1848 as the seat of the Chamber of Szepes county (Spiš), which was a subsidiary of the supreme financial agency in Vienna responsible for Upper Hungary). The city was residence of Eger's bishop from 1596 to 1700. [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url =http://leveltar.katolikus.hu/index.htm?http&&&leveltar.katolikus.hu/eger.htm
title = A történeti Magyarország katolikus levéltárai / Eger| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian] Since 1657 it was also seat of the historic Košice University, which was promoted to a Royal Academy in 1777. It was transformed into a Law Academy in the 19th century and ceased to exist in the turbulent year of 1921. After the end of the anti-Habsburg uprisings in the early 18th century, the victorious Austrian armies drove the Ottoman forces back to the south and this major territorial change also created new trade routes, now circumventing Košice. The city came into decay and turned from a rich medieval town into a provincial town, dependent mainly on agriculture. [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_18_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 18. storočie | date = no date | accessdate = 23 January | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak] In 1723, there was erected the Immaculata statue at the place of a former gallows at Hlavná ulica ("Main Street") commemorating the plague from the years 1710–1711. [cite web | published = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_remembrances_immacul.htm | title = Immaculata | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008] There was a centre of the Hungarian language regenerate movement which published the first Hungarian language periodical called Magyar Museum in Hungary in 1788. [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:ZEaqH-4h4TMJ:k2.jozsef.kando.hu/~guczi/MAGYAR/SANGER/kazinczy.doc+kassa+nyelv%C3%BAj%C3%ADt%C3%B3&hl=hu&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=| title = Kazinczy Ferenc| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian] The city's walls were demolished step by step from the late 18th century to 1856; only the Executioner's Bastion remained with few parts of the wall. The city became a seat of its own bishopric in 1802. The city's surroundings became a theatre of war again during the Revolutions of 1848, when the Imperial cavalry general Franz Schlik defeated the Hungarian army on 8 December, 1848 and on 4 January, 1849. The city was captured by the Hungarian army on 15 February, 1849, but the Russian troops drove them back on 24 June, 1849. [cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url =http://mek.oszk.hu/01300/01344/html/foglalat.htm
title = MEK (Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár)| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian] At the beginning of the 19th century there were three manufactures and 460 workshops in 1828. The first factories were established in the 1840s (sugar and nail factories). The first telegram message arrived in 1856 and the railway connected the city to Miskolc, Hungary in 1860. In 1873 there were already connections to Prešov, Žilina and Chop (in today's Ukraine). The city gained a public transit system in 1891 when track was laid down for a horse-drawn tramway. The traction was electrified in 1914. In 1906, Francis II Rákóczi's house of Rodosto was reproduced in Košice and his remains were buried in the St. Elisabeth Cathedral. [cite web | publisher = various | url = http://www.rakoci.webex.sk/eng/rakoci.php| title = Rákóczi in Košice 1906–2006 - Who was Ferenc II Rákóczi? | date = 24 February 2006 | accessdate = 3 March | accessyear = 2008]

After World War I and during the gradual break-up of Austria-Hungary, the city at first became a part of the transient "Eastern Slovak Republic", declared on 11 December 1918 in Košice and earlier in Prešov under protection of Hungary. On 29 December 1918 the Czechoslovak Legions entered the city, making it part of the newly established Czechoslovakia. However, in June 1919 Košice was occupied again, as part of the Slovak Soviet Republic, a proletarian puppet state of Hungary. The Czechoslovak troops secured the city for Czechoslovakia in July 1919,cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_20_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 20. storočie (Slovak) | date = 2005 | accessdate = 20 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak] confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.

Košice was awarded to Hungary, by the First Vienna Award, from 1938 until early 1945. The town was bombarded on 26 June 1941, in what became a welcome pretext for the Hungarian government to declare war on Soviet Union a day later. The German occupation of Hungary led to the deportation of Košice's entire Jewish population of 12,000 and an additional 2,000 from surrounding areas via cattle cars to the concentration camps for their eventual murder. The town was captured by Soviets in January 1945 and for a short time it became a temporary capital city of the restored Czechoslovak Republic until the Soviet Red Army reached Prague. Among other acts, the Košice Government Programme was declared on 5 April 1945.

After the Communist Party seized power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of the Eastern Bloc. Several present-day cultural institutions were founded and large residential areas around the city were built. and the construction and expansion of the East Slovak Ironworks caused population growth from population of 60,700 in 1950 to 235,000 in 1991 and before break-up of Czechoslovakia, it was the fifth largest city in the country. Following the Velvet Divorce and creation of the Slovak Republic, Košice became the second largest city in the country, became a seat of a constitutional court and since 1995 is the seat of the Archdiocese of Košice. The city has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for year 2013, along with Marseille in France.

Geography

Košice lies at an altitude of convert|206|m|ft|0 above sea level and covers an area of convert|242.77|km2|sqmi|1.cite web | title = Municipal Statistics | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak republic | date = | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html | accessdate = 2007-05-03] It is located in eastern Slovakia, about convert|20|km|mi|0 from the Hungarian, convert|80|km|mi|0 from the Ukrainian and convert|90|km|mi|0 from the Polish borders. It is about convert|400|km|mi|0 east of Slovakia's capital Bratislava and a chain of villages connects it to Prešov about convert|36|km|mi|0 to the north.

Košice is situated on the Hornád River in the Košice Basin, at the easternmost reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains, more precisely its subdivisions of Čierna hora mountains in the north-west and Volovské vrchy mountains in the south-west. The basin is surrounded from the east by the Slanské vrchy mountains.

Climate

Demographics

Košice has a population of 234,596 (31 December 2006). [Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky, [http://px-web.statistics.sk/PXWebSlovak/index.htm RegDat] ] According to the 2001 census, 89.1% of its inhabitants were Slovaks, 3,8% Hungarians, 2,1% Roma, 1.2% Czechs, 0.5% Rusyns, 0.5% Ukrainians, and 0.2% Germans. The religious makeup was 58.3% Roman Catholics, 19.4% people with no religious affiliation, 7.6% Greek Catholics, and 4.1% Lutherans.cite web | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven=440890&lstObec=599981&Okruh=sodb | title = Municipal Statistics of Košice from the Statistical Office | date = no date | accessdate = 2 May | accessyear = 2007]

Historical demographics

Education

Košice is the second university town in Slovakia, after Bratislava. Technical University of Košice is the largest university, with 16,015 students, including 867 doctoral students. cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P24.PDF |title=Technická univerzita Košice |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak] Another major university is the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, with 7,403 students, including 527 doctoral students. cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P04.PDF |title=Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak] Other universities and colleges include the University of Veterinary Medicine (1,381 students) cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P1.PDF |title=Univerzita veterinárneho lekárstva |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak] and the private Security Management College in Košice (1,168 students). cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P96.PDF |title=Vysoká škola bezpečnostného manažérstva |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak] In addition, each of University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra and Catholic University in Ružomberok have one faculty based in the city.

There are 38 public elementary schools, six private elementary schools, and three religious elementary schools.cite web | title=Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 | date= 2006 | publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva | url =http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZS_P8.PDF | accessdate = 2008-02-14 | language = Slovak|format=PDF] Overall, they enroll 20,158 pupils. The city's system of secondary education (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of 20 gymnasia with 7,692 students, cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/GYM_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak ] 24 specialized high schools with 8,812 students, cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOS_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak ] and 13 vocational schools with 6,616 students. cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZSS_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad združených stredných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak ] cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOU_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak ]

Transport

Public transport in Košice is managed by "Dopravný podnik mesta Košice" (literally Public Transport Company of the city of Košice). The municipal mass transit system is the oldest one in present-day Slovakia, with the first horse-car line in operation in 1891 (electrified in 1914).cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1657.htm | title = Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice (1657-1938) | date = no date | accessdate = 20 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak] Today, the city's public transport system is composed of buses (in use since 1950s), trams and trolleybuses (since 1990s).

Košice is also a rail hub of eastern Slovakia. It is connected by rail to Bratislava, Prešov, Čierna nad Tisou, Miskolc and Zvolen. There is also a broad gauge track from Ukraine, leading to a steel mill south-west of the city. The D1 motorway also connects the city to Prešov and more motorways and motorroads are planned around the city. [ cite web | url = http://www.highways.sk/indexE.html | title = Highways and tunnels in Slovakia | author = Ján Gana | date = 2007 | accessdate = 23 January | accessyear = 2008]

The city also has an international airport, located south of the city. It served 443,448 passengers in 2007, which is more than a threefold increase since 2001. [cite web | publisher = Košice International Airport | url = http://eng.airportkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=26.15 | title = Košice International Airport - Statistics | date = 2008 | accessdate = 23 January | accessyear = 2008]

Partner towns

ee also

*List of people from Košice

References

External links

* [http://www.kosice.sk Official website of the town of Košice]
*
* [http://www.cassovia.info Cassovia.info Photos and history of Košice]
* [http://www.kosice.info/ Tourist guide]

Photographs

* [http://fotokosice.eu Comprehensive photo gallery of Kosice] sk icon
* [http://www.panoramy.net/index.php?cat=13&lang=english Panoramic photo gallery of Košice]

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