Moscow-Washington hotline

:redirect3|Hot Line|For the song of that name, see The SylversThe Moscow-Washington hotline is a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of the United States and Russia. It was originally designed by Harris Corporation for communication between the United States and the Soviet Union. Also known as the "red telephone", it linked the White House via the National Military Command Center with the Kremlin during the Cold War.

Early implementation

The "Hot Line", as it would come to be known, was established following an agreement on June 20, 1963 by the signing of the "Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Line" in Geneva, Switzerland, by spokesmen from both the Soviet Union and the United States, after the events of the Cuban missile crisis made it clear that reliable, direct communications between the two nuclear powers was a necessity. During the crisis, it took the U.S. nearly 12 hours to receive and decode Nikita Khruschev's 3,000 word initial settlement message—a dangerously long time in the chronology of nuclear brinkmanship. By the time the U.S. had drafted a reply, a tougher message from Moscow had been received demanding that U.S. missiles be removed from Turkey. White House advisors at the time thought that the crisis could have been more quickly resolved and easily averted if communication had been faster. This link was encrypted using the information-theoretically secure one-time pad cryptosystem. [David Kahn, "The Codebreakers", pp. 715-716]

Technology and procedure

The first generation of the hot line had no voice element at all; the memorandum called for a full-time duplex wire telegraph circuit, based on the idea that spontaneous verbal communications could lead to miscommunications and misperceptions. This circuit was routed Washington - London - Copenhagen - Stockholm - Helsinki - Moscow. The Washington - London link was originally carried over the TAT-1, the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable. A secondary radio line was routed Washington - Tangier - Moscow.

Leaders would state their message in their native language, which would be translated by the receiving end after it was received. [ [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/10/spotlight/ CNN Cold War - Spotlight: The birth of the hot line ] ]

Usage

The first use of the hotline was in 1967, during the six-day Egypt-Israel War, when both superpowers informed each other of military moves which might have been provocative or ambiguous. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2971558.stm "Cold War hotline recalled"] , "BBC News", June 7, 2003, retrieved March 24, 2006.] The main concern at hand was the close proximity of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the US 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean and how to prevent possible misunderstanding between the two groups.

econd implementation

In 1971 both sides agreed to upgrade the system with better technology becoming available. A phone was installed, and the main telegraph line was complemented by two new satellite communication lines, one formed by two US Intelsat satellites and the other composed of two Soviet Molniya II satellites. This phase of upgrade lasted from 1971-1978, and in the process the Washington-Tangier-Moscow radio line was eliminated.

Modern implementation

The most recent round of upgrades occurred in 1986. The Soviet Union used stationary Gorizont-class satellites in the Statsionar system to replace the Molniya II satellites, and a high-speed facsimile capability. This allowed the leaders of the two countries to quickly share documents and other information alongside the teletype and voice forms of communication.

Museum display

An original East German teleprinter used in the initial 1963 "hotline" setup is currently on display at the National Cryptologic Museum located on the National Security Agency (NSA) campus at Fort Meade, Maryland.

In popular culture

The hotline was depicted in the 1964 film "Fail-Safe" as the "Red 1 / Ultimate 1 Touch phone".

The "red phone" was the centerpiece of television commercials used in the 1984 Democratic primary and 1984 general election and the 2008 Democratic primary elections. In 1984, an advertisement made by Bob Beckel and Roy Spence on behalf of candidate Walter Mondale suggested that, "The most awesome, powerful responsibility in the world lies in the hand that picks up this phone." The advertisement was intended to raise questions about candidate Gary Hart's readiness for the presidency. [ [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fu-2Ew1ijg YouTube - US Democrats - Walter Mondale 1984 Video 10 ] ] Citation
last = Kurtz
first = Howard
author-link = Howard Kurtz
title = Clinton Plays the Fear Card
newspaper = Washington Post
pages = A08
year = 2008
date = March 1
url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/29/AR2008022903334.html ] The phone was also featured prominently in an advertisement from that year targeting President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. In the second ad, the ringing phone goes unanswered while the narrator says, "there will be no time to wake a president -- computers will take control." [ [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRmtxXJnzoc YouTube - Mondale/Ferraro Commercial 1984 ] ] cite book
last = Kaid
first = Lynda Lee
coauthors = Anne Johnston
title = Videostyle in Presidential Campaigns: Style and Content of Televised Political Advertising
publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
date = 2000
pages = 59
isbn = 0275940713 ] cite web
last = Beckel
first = Bob
authorlink = Bob Beckel
title = Superdelegates: Whiners or Deciders?
publisher = Real Clear Politics
date = March 19, 2008
url = http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/superdelegates_whiners_or_deci.html
accessdate = 2008-03-20] Roy Spence revived the "red phone" idea in 2008 in an advertisement for candidate Hillary Clinton. [ [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfoEOOL9noA YouTube - Red Phone Moment - TV AD ] ] Citation
last = Kornblut
first = Anne E.
author-link = Anne E. Kornblut
last2 = Murray
first2 = Shailagh
author2-link = Shailagh Murray
title = Clinton Ad Hints Obama Is Unprepared for Crisis
newspaper = Washington Post
pages = A01
year = 2008
date = March 1
url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/29/AR2008022904073.html ]

Notes

References

* Kennedy, Bruce. [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/10/spotlight/ CNN Cold War - Spotlight: The birth of the hot line]
* Kislyakov, Andrei. [http://www.cdi.org/russia/263-12.cfm Hotline: 40 Years of Building Up Trust] in "CDI Russia Weekly", #12 - RW 263.
* U.S. Department of State. [http://www.state.gov/t/ac/trt/4785.htm Memorandum of Understanding Between The United States of America and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Link]

External links

* [http://www.nsa.gov/museum/index.cfm National Cryptologic Museum official website]