Cigar Makers' International Union

The Journeymen Cigar Makers' International Union of America (CMIU) was a labor union established in 1864 that represented workers in the cigar industry. The CMIU was part of the American Federation of Labor from 1887 until its dissolution in 1974.

Organizational history

Forerunners

Samuel Gompers, perennial President of the American Federation of Labor for more than three decades, was an important leader of the Cigar Makers' International Union.

The first local Cigarmakers' Union was founded in Baltimore, Maryland in 1851 by craftsmen who were opposed to the importation of low-cost laborers from Germany.^[1] This was followed two or three years later by the establishment of a New York Cigarmakers' Union of about 70 members, mostly emigrants from England or Germany. This group quickly expanded in size to include about 160 of the city's 800 or so cigar workers before collapsing in an unsuccessful strike to avert a general cut in wages.^[1]

The defeat proved temporary, as in 1859 another New York union was established in response to complaints about the business behavior of one manufacturer named Tom Little. About 250 cigarmakers were brought into the union before it, too, collapsed in a failed strike 10 months later.^[1]

Part of the reason for the failure of cigarmaker strikes was the lack of concentration of the industry. Prior to the American Civil War of 1861-1865, cigarmakers were typically independent proprietors. The craftsman worked for himself, buying tobacco in small quantities as he needed it, making his product with virtually no tools in the place in which he lived.^[2]

Samuel Gompers, himself a skilled cigarmaker, echoed similar sentiments in his memoirs:

"In every community where the demand for cigars was sufficient to warrant, the cigarmaker worked and sold his own cigars direct to the consuming public. Rarely did he employ helpers and then not more than one or two journeymen. If the journeyman became dissatisfied for any reason, he needed but small capital to become his own employer."^[3]

In New York City, one of the leading hubs of cigar production in the 1860s, it was typical for cigar manufacturers to furnish the raw material to the cigarmakers they employed, who would pay a deposit of nearly double the value of the tobacco supplied. The cigarmakers would then carry their stock home and make the cigars in their own rooms, bringing back completed cigars to the manufacturer for payment.^[4] Defects in workmanship would result in the manufacturer refusing to take the cigars, who would be left in the possession of the cigarmaker to dispose of as he was best able.^[4]

During the Civil War, the revenue-starved federal government instituted an internal revenue tax on cigars and established a system of permits for employers and employees.^[4] As the tax system tightened its embrace, this system of so-called "turn-in jobs" was eliminated; henceforth the employer would have to have some sort of physical facility. Many previously self-employed cigarmakers were consequently driven out of business, forced to work in the employ of bonded cigar manufacturers. This accelerated the trend towards unionization of the industry.

Foundation

In 1863 came the first effort to establish a national union of cigarmakers, bringing delegates from New York, Philadelphia, Newark, Cleveland, New Haven, Boston, Detroit, and elsewhere to a preliminary convention in Philadelphia.^[1] This gathering decided to move forward with the establishment of a national union and called a foundation convention for the group for June 21, 1864, in New York City.^[1]

The union formed at this New York meeting was initially known as the National Union of Cigar Makers of America, before changing its name to the Journeymen Cigar Makers' International Union (CMIU) in 1867.^[5]

One of the early challenges faced by the CMIU related to a new system of manufacture established in the first years of the 1870s. The years 1871 and 1872 saw the arrival of a substantial wave of immigrants from Bohemia, a region which now comprises the western two-thirds of the Czech Republic. This new group of arrivals provided manufacturers with a ready source of low-cost labor. A new system of machine-production was also emerging at the same time, a mold invented in 1867 enabling the manufacture of cigars with essentially unskilled labor.^[6] Cigar manufacturers, seeking to realize large profits from economies of scale using the new machine methods would buy or rent a block of tenements and then sublet the apartments to cigarmakers and their families — thereby technically fulfilling the government requirement of maintaining a physical facility.^[7]

Traditional craft skill was thus devalued and the cigarmakers demoralized. High union initiation fees further limited the size of the unionized workforce. English-speaking Local 15 of the CMIU in New York City evaporated to fewer than 50; German-speaking Local 90 to just 85; and the union as a whole to only 3,771 members in 1873.^[7]

The CMIU concentrated its efforts on publicizing the abuses inherent in the so-called "tenement house system," ultimately forcing the New York Board of Health to take notice of the situation. The report of the Board of Health whitewashed the tenement system, making it seem as though the tenements represented superior living quarters, an action which enraged the unionized cigarmakers and mobilized other unions of the city to the cigarmakers' cause.^[8]

Development

The economic crisis of 1877 was very nearly fatal to the organization, with a coordinated lockout by the employers' association of cigar manufacturers putting 7,000 workers out on the street in a lockout lasting four months.^[1] Only 131 of the union's approximately 6,000 members remained in the union after the strike and the CMIU did not again exceed the 1,000 member mark until a full year later.^[1]

The CMIU was instrumental in the formation of the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in 1881, and organization which later evolved into the American Federation of Labor (AF of L).

The years 1879 to 1883 were a period of dramatic growth, with the number of union locals increasing from 35 to 185, with about 10,000 members.^[1]

In 1882, bitter disagreement over the question of political endorsements lead to a split of the union, with about 1,800 New York City cigarmakers seceding to form the Cigarmakers' Progressive Union of America.^[1] Many of the members of this new organization were members of the Socialist Labor Party of America and were unwilling to see the national union work hand-in-glove with established, sometimes corrupt, politicians of the Democratic and Republican parties.^[1] The two sibling unions were in a position of competing with one another and they engaged in a bitter and destructive four year war, undercutting one anonther's contracts in order to gain recognition, until they once again reunited in 1886.

The American Federation of Labor chartered the Cigar Makers in 1887.

As of 1925, the CMIU included 13,463 men and 3,186 women out of an American national work force in the industry of 28,293 men and 50,648 women.^[9] Of some 10,320 cigar-making shops known to the union, an impressive 7,180 used union labor, but of these 3,246 consisted of shops in which the owner was the only worker employed.^[9]

Ideology

Although the Cigar Makers' Union initially barred black and female cigarmakers from membership at its 2nd National Convention, held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1865, it reversed this decision two years later and came to be a forerunner in the representation of workers of various ethnic backgrounds.^[1] The Cigar Makers' International Union in 1867 became one of only two national unions to accept females to membership.^[10] This policy was sometimes openly defied by union locals, however.

The CMIU pressed for higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions, and the right of collective bargaining.

Union labels

CMIU labels were affixed to boxes of union-made cigars as a means of informing consumers of their origin.

After 1880, Cigar manufacturers who negotiated labor contracts with the CMIU affixed blue labels to boxes of "union made" cigars. Previously, local chapters issued their own stamps including white labels, used by the Cigar Makers' Association of the Pacific Coast to show that their cigars were made by white labor, in response to the growing use of low-wage, Chinese immigrant labor. In 1875, the cigarmakers' local in St Louis tried to encourage consumers to buy union-made cigars by using a red label.

The CMIU created a standard blue "union made" label in 1880. Union stamps underwent frequent changes and are an excellent help to collectors in the dating of cigar boxes. A "Sept. 1880" date was added top center to the label design in 1888 and appears on all CMIU cigar (not stogie) issues until 1974.

Decline and dissolution

The CMIU's membership dropped steadily as mechanization and unskilled cigar workers (known as "bunch breakers") replaced skilled cigar makers after World War I, and as cigarettes grew in popularity. Exacerbating these trends was a move of cigar production to countries of the Caribbean and Central America.

All these factors led to the CMIU being disbanded in 1974.

Notable members

• J. Mahlon Barnes —Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party of America.
• John J. Ballam —Communist Party Central Executive Committee member and union organizer.
• Samuel Gompers — longtime President of the AF of L, was a National Vice President of the CMIU and President of Local 144.
• Adolph Strasser

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} "Cigar-Makers! Interesting History of Their Organization," The People [New York], vol. 1, no. 25 (September 20, 1891), pg. 1.
2. ^ John B. Andrews, "The Cigar Makers," in John R. Commons, et al., History of Labour in the United States. New York: Macmillan, 1918; vol. 2, pg. 69.
3. ^ Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1925; vol. 1, pp. 106-107.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, vol. 1, pg. 107.
5. ^ Andrews, "The Cigar Makers," History of Labour in the United States, vol. 2, pg. 70.
6. ^ Andrews, "The Cigar Makers," History of Labour in the United States, vol. 2, pg. 71.
7. ^ ^{a b} Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, vol. 1, pg. 108.
8. ^ Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, vol. 1, pg. 113.
9. ^ ^{a b} "Cigarmakers' International Union of America," in Solon DeLeon and Nathan Fine (eds.), The American Labor Year Book 1926. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1926; pp. 161-162.
10. ^ Alice Henry, The Trade Union Woman. Library of Congress. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

Further reading

• Patricia A. Cooper, Once a Cigar Maker: Men, Women, and Work Culture in American Cigar Factories, 1900-1919. Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1987.
• G.W. Perkins (ed.), Cigar Makers' Official Journal. Volumes 33 to 36. Chicago: Cigar Makers' International Union of America, 1908-1911.
• G.W. Perkins (ed.), Cigar Makers' Official Journal. Volumes 42 to 44. Chicago: Cigar Makers' International Union of America, 1918-1920.
• G.W. Perkins (ed.), Cigar Makers' Official Journal. Volumes 45 to 47. Chicago: Cigar Makers' International Union of America, 1921-1923.

External links

• Tony Hyman, "Dating Union-Made Labels," National Cigar Museum. Retrieved April 29, 2010. —Color illustrations of CMIU labels, 1880-1974.

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