Battle of Nemea

Infobox Military Conflict


caption=A Greek hoplite
conflict=Battle of Nemea
partof=the Corinthian War
date=394 BC
place=Nemea, Peloponnese, present-day Greece
result=Spartan victory
combatant1=Sparta
combatant2=Thebes,
Argos,
Athens,
Corinth
commander1=Aristodemus
commander2=Unknown
strength1=18,000 hopites
strength2=24,000 hoplites
casualties1=1,100 dead or wounded
casualties2=2,800 dead or wounded

The Battle of Nemea (394 BC) was a battle in the Corinthian War, between Sparta and the allied cities of Argos, Athens, Corinth, and Thebes. The battle was fought in Corinthian territory, at the dry bed of the Nemea River. The battle was a decisive Spartan victory, which, coupled with the Battle of Coronea later in the same year, gave Sparta the advantage in the early fighting on the Greek mainland.

Prelude

Hostilities in the Corinthian War began in 395 BC with raiding in northwestern Greece, eventually leading to a clash between Sparta and Thebes at the Battle of Haliartus, a Theban victory. In the wake of this battle, Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos joined together to form an anti-Spartan alliance, with its forces commanded by a council at Corinth. [Diodorus Siculus, "Library" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Diod.+14.82.1 14.82.1-3] ]

In 394 BC, the council gathered together its forces at Corinth. A Spartan army under the Aristodemus, the guardian of the boy king Agesipolis, was sent north from Sparta to challenge the allies. The allied army, meanwhile, waited at Corinth, while the council debated over who should command it. Before a decision was reached, the Spartan army entered Corinthian territory, burning and plundering along the way. The allies marched out to meet the Spartans, and the two armies met each other near the dry bed of the Nemea river. [Xenophon, "Hellenica" ]

The battle

The Spartan army was composed of some 18,000-19,000 hoplites, with associated light troops; of the hoplites, 6,000 were Spartan, with the remainder coming from the other states of the Peloponnesian League. On the allied side were about 24,000 hoplites, and the associated light troops; Thebes, Athens, and Argos each provided about one quarter of the troops.

The Spartans and their allies lined up for battle with the Spartans on the right and the allies on the left. The opposing coalition was divided over how to arrange themselves; the Athenians wanted to line up on the right, but ultimately had accede to the demand of the Boeotians that they take the left, while the Boeotians took the right. This meant that the Athenians were opposite the Spartans, while the Boeotians and other allies faced the Spartans' allies.

As the two phalanxes closed for battle, both shifted to the right. (This was a common occurrence in hoplite battles—hoplites carried their shield on their left arm, so men would shift to the right to gain the protection of their neighbor's shield as well as their own.) This shift meant that, by the time the armies met, both of them extended past their opponents' left flank. Consequently, the right flanks of both armies were victorious, while the left flanks of both were defeated.

The Spartans then turned from their defeat of the Athenians to face the soldiers from the allied right wing who were returning from their pursuit of the Spartans' allies. The Spartan phalanx took first the Argives, then the Corinthians, and then the Boeotians in the side, inflicting heavy losses on all three. At the end of the day, the Spartans had inflicted 2,800 casualties, while suffering only 1,100. [Diodorus Siculus, "Library" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Diod.+14.83.1 14.83.1-2] ] [Xenophon, "Hellenica" ]

Aftermath

Although the Spartans held the field at the end of the battle, they were unable to force their way past Corinth and enter central Greece. Accordingly, they returned home. The allied army, after several months of inactivity, saw action in a second major battle at Coronea later in the same year. These two battles marked the only traditional large-scale land fighting that would take place in the war, which lasted until 386 BC. [Fine, "The Ancient Greeks", 549-50]

ee also

*Spartan hegemony

References

*Fine, John V.A. "The Ancient Greeks: A critical history" (Harvard University Press, 1983) ISBN 0-674-03314-0
*Diodorus Siculus, " [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0084&query= Library] "
*cite wikisource|Hellenica|Xenophon

Footnotes