Demographics of Russia

Demographics of Russia
Population (in millions) 1950 – January 2010.[1]
Population:	142,905,200 (2010 Russian Census)
Growth rate:	-0.06% (2010)
Birth rate:	12.5 births/1,000 population (2010)
Death rate:	14.2 deaths/1,000 population (2010)
Life expectancy:	68.98 years (2010)
–male:	63.03 years
–female:	74.87 years
Fertility rate:	1.54 children born/woman (2009)
Infant mortality rate:	7.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2010)
Net migration rate:	1.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010)
Age structure:
0-14 years:	14.9%
15-64 years:	71.8%
65-over:	13.3% (2009)
Sex ratio:
Total:	0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth:	1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15:	1.05 male(s)/female (male 10,806,895/female 10,285,532)
15-64 years:	0.92 male(s)/female (male 48,864,763/female 53,048,315)
65-over:	0.46 male(s)/female (male 5,969,976/female 12,928,498)
Nationality:
Nationality:	noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnic:	Russians
Language:
Spoken:	Russian, others

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation, including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status, and other aspects of the population.

The population of Russia was 142,905,200 as per the preliminary results of the 2010 Census.^[2] The population hit a historic peak at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union, but then began a decade-long decline, falling at a rate of about 0.5% per year due to declining birth rates and rising death rates. However the decline began to slow considerably in recent years, and in 2009 Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in 15 years, with growth of 23,300.^[3][4]

According to the 2002 census, ethnic Russians make up 80% of the total population, while six other ethnicities have a population exceeding 1 million – Tatars (3.8%), Ukrainians (2%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1.1%), Chechens (0.9%) and Armenians (0.8%). In total, 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within the Russian federation's borders.

Russia's population density is 8.4 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, centering around Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 74% of the population is urban.

Declining population

Main article: Russian Cross

Natural population growth of Russia since 1950.^[3][5][6]

  Birth rate

  Death rate

  Natural growth rate

Natural population growth rates (per 1,000 population) by region in 2009.

The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year from the mid 1990s to the mid 2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050 if trends did not improve.^[7][8] However, the Russian state statistics service Rosstat had more optimistic forecasts in 2009, whose Medium variant predicted that Russia's population would only fall to 139 million by 2030^[9] (Low: 127 million; High: 147 million). Furthermore, in 2008 one demographic analyst (correctly) predicted a resumption in population growth by 2010.^[10]

The number of Russians living in poverty has halved since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The birth rate of Russia rose from its lowest point of 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to 12.6 per 1000 in 2010. Likewise, the fertility rate rose from its lowest point of 1.16 in 1999 to 1.54 in 2009. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rates that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2009 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.^[11] For comparison, the United States^[12] birth rate in 2009 was 13.8 per 1000 . While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of other developed countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes such as accidents. The Russian death rate in 2010 was 14.3 per 1000 citizens. For comparison, the US^[12] death rate in 2009 was 8.4 per 1000 .

The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated, with some academics citing alcohol abuse as the main culprit,^[13] and others citing the drastic and widely negative changes in lifestyle caused by economic reforms that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet,^[14] a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that the advocates of the economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist.^[15] According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope,^[16] the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to the publication, the sharp rise of death rates in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the market reforms were of only secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed because it used 1985 death rate as the base, while that was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign.^[16]

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address.^[17] As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease in January–August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006. At the same time period in 2007, there were just over 1 million births in Russia (981,600 in 2006), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. Eighteen of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population would stabilize at 138–139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present day status of 143–145, also raising the life expectancy to 75 years.^[18]

The natural population decline continued to slow through 2008—2010 due to declining death rates and increasing birth rates, and in 2009 the population saw yearly growth for the first time in 15 years.^[3][4] In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August.^[19] In April 2011 the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin pledged to spend the 1.5 trillion rubles (£32.5 billion or $54 billion) on various measures to boost Russia's declining birthrate by 30 per cent in the next four years.^[20]

Vital statistics

Before WW II

No exact vital statistics for Russia are available for the period before WW II. Andreev^[21] made the following estimates:

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)
1927	94,596,000	4,688,000	2,705,000	1,983,000	49.6	28.6	21.0
1928	96,654,000	4,723,000	2,589,000	2,134,000	48.9	26.8	22.1
1929	98,644,000	4,633,000	2,819,000	1,814,000	47.0	28.6	18.4
1930	100,419,000	4,413,000	2,738,000	1,675,000	43.9	27.3	16.7
1931	101,948,000	4,412,000	3,090,000	1,322,000	43.3	30.3	13.0
1932	103,136,000	4,058,000	3,077,000	981,000	39.3	29.8	9.5
1933	102,706,000	3,313,000	5,239,000	-1,926,000	32.3	51.0	-18.8
1934	101,922,000	2,923,000	2,659,000	264,000	28.7	26.1	2.6
1935	102,684,000	3,577,000	2,421,000	1,156,000	34.8	23.6	11.3
1936	103,904,000	3,899,000	2,719,000	1,180,000	37.5	26.2	11.4
1937	105,358,000	4,377,000	2,760,000	1,617,000	41.5	26.2	15.3
1938	107,044,000	4,379,000	2,739,000	1,640,000	40.9	25.6	15.3
1939	108,785,000	4,329,000	2,600,000	1,729,000	39.8	23.9	15.9
1940	110,333,000	3,814,000	2,561,000	1,253,000	34.6	23.2	11.4

After WW II^[22][23]

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)
1946	98,028,000	2,546,000	1,210,000	1,336,000	26.0	12.3	13.6
1947	98,834,000	2,715,000	1,680,000	1,035,000	27.5	17.0	10.5
1948	99,706,000	2,516,000	1,310,000	1,206,000	25.2	13.1	12.1
1949	101,160,000	3,089,000	1,187,000	1,902,000	30.5	11.7	18.8
1950	102,833,000	2,859,000	1,180,000	1,719,000	27.8	11.5	16.7
1951	104,439,000	2,938,000	1,210,000	1,779,000	28.1	11.6	17.0
1952	106,164,000	2,928,000	1,138,000	1,807,000	27.6	10.7	17.0
1953	107,828,000	2,822,000	1,118,000	1,696,000	26.2	10.4	15.7
1954	109,643,000	3,048,000	1,133,000	1,932,000	27.8	10.3	17.6
1955	111,572,000	2,942,000	1,037,000	1,921,000	26.4	9.3	17.2
1956	113,327,000	2,827,000	956,000	1,906,000	24.9	8.4	16.8
1957	115,035,000	2,880,000	1,017,000	1,916,000	25.0	8.8	16.7
1958	116,749,000	2,861,000	931,000	1,982,000	24.5	8.0	17.0
1959	118,307,000	2,796,228	920,225	1,876,003	23.6	7.8	15.9
1960	119,906,000	2,782,353	886,090	1,896,263	23.2	7.4	15.8
1961	121,586,000	2,662,135	901,637	1,760,498	21.9	7.4	14.5
1962	123,128,000	2,482,539	949,648	1,532,891	20.2	7.7	12.4
1963	124,514,000	2,331,505	932,055	1,399,450	18.7	7.5	11.2
1964	125,744,000	2,121,994	901,751	1,220,243	16.9	7.2	9.7
1965	126,749,000	1,990,520	958,789	1,031,731	15.7	7.6	8.1
1966	127,608,000	1,957,763	974,299	983,464	15.3	7.6	7.7
1967	128,361,000	1,851,041	1,017,034	834,007	14.4	7.9	6.5
1968	129,037,000	1,816,509	1,040,096	776,413	14.1	8.1	6.0
1969	129,660,000	1,847,592	1,106,640	740,952	14.2	8.5	5.7
1970	130,252,000	1,903,713	1,131,183	772,530	14.6	8.7	5.9
1971	130,934,000	1,974,637	1,143,359	831,278	15.1	8.7	6.3
1972	131,687,000	2,014,638	1,181,802	832,836	15.3	9.0	6.3
1973	132,434,000	1,994,621	1,214,204	780,417	15.1	9.2	5.9
1974	133,217,000	2,079,812	1,222,495	857,317	15.6	9.2	6.4
1975	134,092,000	2,106,147	1,309,710	796,437	15.7	9.8	5.9
1976	135,026,000	2,146,711	1,352,950	793,761	15.9	10.0	5.9
1977	135,979,000	2,156,724	1,387,986	768,738	15.9	10.2	5.7
1978	136,922,000	2,179,030	1,417,377	761,653	15.9	10.4	5.6
1979	137,758,000	2,178,542	1,490,057	688,485	15.8	10.8	5.0
1980	138,483,000	2,202,779	1,525,755	677,024	15.9	11.0	4.9
1981	139,221,000	2,236,608	1,524,286	712,322	16.1	10.9	5.1
1982	140,067,000	2,328,044	1,504,200	823,844	16.6	10.7	5.9
1983	141,056,000	2,478,322	1,563,995	914,327	17.6	11.1	6.5
1984	142,061,000	2,409,614	1,650,866	758,748	17.0	11.6	5.3
1985	143,033,000	2,375,147	1,625,266	749,881	16.6	11.4	5.2
1986	144,156,000	2,485,915	1,497,975	987,940	17.2	10.4	6.9
1987	145,386,000	2,499,974	1,531,585	968,389	17.2	10.5	6.7
1988	146,505,000	2,348,494	1,569,112	779,382	16.0	10.7	5.3
1989	147,342,000	2,160,559	1,583,743	576,816	14.7	10.7	3.9
1990	147,969,000	1,988,858	1,655,993	332,865	13.4	11.2	2.3
1991	148,394,000	1,794,626	1,690,657	103,969	12.1	11.4	0.7
1992	148,538,000	1,587,644	1,807,441	-219,797	10.7	12.2	-1.5
1993	148,459,000	1,378,983	2,129,339	-750,356	9.3	14.3	-5.1
1994	148,408,000	1,408,159	2,301,366	-893,207	9.5	15.5	-6.0
1995	148,376,000	1,363,806	2,203,811	-840,005	9.2	14.9	-5.7
1996	148,160,000	1,304,638	2,082,249	-777,611	8.8	14.1	-5.2
1997	147,915,000	1,259,943	2,015,779	-755,836	8.5	13.6	-5.1
1998	147,671,000	1,283,292	1,988,744	-705,452	8.7	13.5	-4.8
1999	147,215,000	1,214,689	2,144,316	-929,627	8.3	14.6	-6.3
2000	146,597,000	1,266,800	2,225,332	-958,532	8.6	15.2	-6.5
2001	145,976,000	1,311,604	2,254,856	-943,252	9.0	15.4	-6.5
2002	145,306,000	1,396,967	2,332,272	-935,305	9.6	16.1	-6.4
2003	144,566,000	1,477,301	2,365,826	-888,525	10.2	16.4	-6.1
2004	143,821,000	1,502,477	2,295,402	-792,925	10.4	16.0	-5.5
2005	143,114,000	1,457,376	2,303,935	-846,559	10.2	16.1	-5.9
2006	142,487,000	1,479,637	2,166,703	-687,066	10.4	15.2	-4.8
2007	142,115,000	1,610,122	2,080,445	-470,323	11.3	14.6	-3.3
2008	141,956,000	1,713,947	2,075,954	-362,007	12.1	14.6	-2.6
2009	141,909,000	1,761,687	2,010,543	-248,856	12.4	14.2	-1.8
2010 (p)	142,938,285	1,788,948	2,028,516	-239,568	12.5	14.2	-1.7

p=preliminary

Total fertility rates

Changes in the TFR since 1990.

In 1990, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's total fertility rate (TFR) stood at 1.89. Fertility rates had already begun to decline in the late 80s due to the natural progression of Russia's demographic structure, but the rapid and widely negative changes in society following the collapse greatly influenced the rate of decline.^[24] The TFR hit an historic low of 1.16 in 1999 and has since begun to rise again, reaching 1.54 in 2009 (growth of 34.4%).^[25] The only federal subject of Russia to see a decline in fertility since 1999 is Ingushetia, where the TFR has fallen by 20% from 2.44 to 1.97 as of 2009.^[26]

In 2009, 8 of Russia's federal subjects had a TFR above 2.1 children per woman (the approximate minimum required to ensure population replacement). These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.38), Tyva (2.81), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.63), Komi-Permyak (2.16), Evenk Okrug (2.58), Altai Republic (2.36), Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.1). Of these federal subjects, four have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai, Evenk, Ust-Orda and Nenets).^[26][27]

In every region in Russia rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not high enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement.^[26]

TFR in comparison with other countries

Compared to other G8 countries, in 2010, Russian TFR of 1,54 children/ woman^[28] was significantly lower than that of the  USA (2,09),  France (1,97), the  UK (1,92). Yet it approximately equals to the TFR of  Canada (1,57), and is higher than in other G8 countries:  Germany (1,42),  Japan (1,39), and  Italy (1,32).

Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than  Nigeria (4,82), Pakistan (3,28), India (2,65),  Indonesia (2,28),  Brazil (2,19), the USA, and the same TFR as  China (1,54).

Compared to it's neighbors, Russia has a lower TFR than  Mongolia (2,22),  Azerbaijan (2,03),  North Korea (1,94),  Kazakhstan (1,87),  Norway (1,77) and  Finland (1,73). Russian TFR equals to the Chinese one, and is higher than in  Georgia (1,44),  Estonia (1,43),  Latvia (1,31),  Poland (1,29),  Ukraine (1,27),  Belarus (1,25), and  Lithuania (1,24).

See also: List of countries by fertility rate

Ethnic groups

Ethnic Russians as a percentage of the population by region (2002 census)

Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia

Further information: List of indigenous peoples of Russia

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):^[29][30]

• 3.83% Tatars (5,554,601)
• 2.03% Ukrainians (2,942,961)
• 1.15% Bashkirs (1,673,389)
• 1.13% Chuvashs (1,637,094)
• 0.94% Chechens (1,360,253)
• 0.78% Armenians (1,130,491)

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicites resolved by the 2002 census, grouped by language:^[29][30]

Indo-European 122,687,275 (total 84.07%; 83.27% Slavs) Russians 115,889,107 (79.83%) Ukrainians 2,942,961 (2.03%) Armenians 1,130,491 (0.78%) Belarusians 807,970 (0.56%) Germans 597,212 (0.41%) Ossetians 514,875 (0.35%) Roma 182,766 (0.13%) Moldovans 172,330 (0.12%) Tajiks 120,136 (0.08%) Greeks 97,827 (0.07%) Poles 73,001 (0.05%) Iranians 50,242 (0.036%) Lithuanians 45,569 (0.03%) Bulgarians 31,965 (0.02%) Latvians 28,520 (0.02%) Tats 2,303 (0.00%)

Turkic 12,106,587 (total 8.36%) Tatars 5,554,601 (3.83%) Bashkirs 1,673,389 (1.15%) Chuvashs 1,637,094 (1.13%) Kazakhs 653,962 (0.45%) Azerbaijani 621,840 (0.43%) Yakuts 443,852 (0.31%) Kumyks 422,409 (0.29%) Tuvans 243,442 (0.17%) Karachays 192,182 (0.13%) Uzbeks 122,916 (0.08%) Balkars 108,426 (0.07%) Turks 95,672 (0.06%) Nogais 90,666 (0.06%) Khakas 75,622 (0.05%) Altay peoples 67,239 (0.05%) Turkmens 33,053 (0.02%) Kyrgyz 31,808 (0.02%) Shors 13,975 (0.01%) Gagauz 12,210 (0.01%) Dolgans 7,261 (0.01%) Crimean Tatars 4,131 (0.00%) Tofalar 837 (0.00%)

Caucasian 4,822,600 (total 3.30%) Chechens 1,360,253 (0.94%) Avars 814,473 (0.56%) Kabardians 519,958 (0.36%) Dargins 510,156 (0.35%) Ingush 413,016 (0.28%) Lezgins 411,535 (0.28%) Georgians 197,934 (0.14%) Laks 156,545 (0.11%) Tabasarans 131,785 (0.09%) Adyghe 128,528 (0.09%) Circassians 60,517 (0.04%) Abazas 37,942 (0.03%) Rutuls 29,929 (0.02%) Aguls 28,297 (0.02%) Abkhaz 11,366 (0.01%) Tsakhurs 10,366 (0.01%)

Uralic 2,757,488 (1.91%) Mordvins 843,350 (0.58%) Udmurts 636,906 (0.44%) Mari 604,298 (0.42%) Komi 293,406 (0.20%) Komi-Permyak 125,235 (0.09%) Karelians 93,344 (0.06%) Finns 34,050 (0.02%) Khanty 28,678 (0.02%) Estonians 28,113 (0.02%) Mansi 11,432 (0.01%) Veps 8,240 (0.01%) Sami 1,991 (0.00%) Izhorians 314 (0.00%) Samoyedic 48,131 (0.03%) Nenets 41,302 (0.03%) Selkups 4,249 (0.00%) Nganasans 834 (0.00%) Enets 237 (0.00%) Yukaghir 1,509 (0.00%)

Mongols 619,171 (0.43%) Buryats 445,175 (0.31%) Kalmyks 173,996 (0.12%) Vietnamese 296,556 (0.20%) Semitic peoples 243,587 (0.17%) Jews 229,938 (0.16%) Assyrians 13,649 (0.01%) Koreans 148,556 (0.10%) Manchu-Tungus 72,927 (0.02%) Evenks 35,527 (0.02%) Evens 19,071 (0.01%) Nanais 12,160 (0.01%) Ulchs 2,913 (0.00%) Udege 1,657 (0.00%) Orochs 686 (0.00%) Negidals 567 (0.00%) Oroks 346 (0.00%)

Chukotko-Kamchatkan 28,777 (0.02%) Chukchi 15,767 (0.01%) Koryak 8,743 (0.01%) Itelmeni 3,180 (0.00%) Chuvans 1,087 (0.00%) Nivkh 5,162 (0.00%) Eskimo–Aleut 2,290 (0.00%) Eskimo 1,750 (0.00%) Aleut 540 (0.00%) Ket 1,494 (0.00%)

Some 1.6% of the population are ethnicities not native to the Russian territory. The census has an additional group of 'other' ethnicities of 42,980 (0.03%), including Hungarians, Czechs, Japanese, Chinese, Spaniards, Italians, Scandinavians and Romanians. There are even Africans in Russia (See Afro-Russian).^{[citation needed]}

See also: Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, Detailed Table of 2002 census

Gradient

International migration to and from Russia since 1998.

  Arrivals

  Departures

  Net migration growth

The demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. In 1970, the Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, estimated at 2,150,000, following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2002, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 230,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. Predominantly these are European peoples like Germans, Czechs, Greeks and members of their families. The main destinations are the USA (Jews, Belarussians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles and Jews), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews, Armenians and Romani) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).^{[citation needed]}

At the same time, Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, close to 300,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, There are an estimated 4 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.^[31] There is a significant inflow of ethnic Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, and Ukrainians into big Russian cities, something that is viewed unfavorably by some citizens.^[32]

Median age and fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.

Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age – Ingush – women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age – Jews – women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children.^[33] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.^{[citation needed]} The most noticeable trend in the past couple of decades is the convergence of birth rates between minorities (including Muslim minorities) and the Russian majority.^{[citation needed]}

The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census.^[34]

Ethnic Group	Median Age	Male	Female	Urban	Urban M	Urban F	Rural	Rural M	Rural F	Children / woman (15+)	Children / woman (35+)	Predominant religion
Russian	37.6	34.0	40.5	37.1	33.5	40.1	39.0	35.7	41.7	1.446	1.828	Christianity
Tatar	37.7	35.3	39.6	37.2	34.7	39.1	38.8	36.5	41.1	1.711	2.204	Islam
Ukrainian	45.9	44.7	47.3	45.6	44.5	46.8	47.0	45.2	49.0	1.726	1.946	Christianity
Bashkir	34.2	32.1	36.2	32.9	30.6	34.7	35.4	33.3	37.6	1.969	2.658	Islam
Chuvash	38.6	36.4	40.4	37.9	36.3	39.1	39.4	36.5	42.5	1.884	2.379	Christianity
Chechen	22.8	22.1	23.5	22.9	22.5	23.4	22.7	21.9	23.5	2.163	3.456	Islam
Armenian	32.8	33.4	32.0	33.0	33.7	32.2	32.1	32.6	31.5	1.68	2.225	Christianity
Mordvin	44.4	42.1	46.9	44.2	42.3	45.9	44.7	41.7	48.5	1.986	2.303	Christianity
Avar	24.6	23.8	25.4	23.8	23.4	24.1	25.1	24.0	26.2	2.09	3.319	Islam
Belarusian	48.0	45.9	50.2	47.7	45.8	49.6	49.1	46.1	52.4	1.765	1.941	Christianity
Kazakh/Kyrgyz	30.2	29.4	31	29.5	29	30.1	30.6	29.7	31.4	2.015	2.964	Islam
Udmurt	40.0	37.4	42.0	41.2	39.0	42.6	38.9	36.1	41.3	1.93	2.378	Christianity
Azerbaijani	29.5	31.9	24.6	30.0	32.3	24.7	26.5	28.7	24.1	1.83	2.619	Islam
Mari	36.7	34.5	38.5	36.4	34.6	37.7	36.9	34.5	39.3	1.917	2.493	Christianity
German	39.7	38.2	41.2	39.6	38.0	41.0	40.0	38.4	41.4	1.864	2.443	Christianity
Kabardin	28.2	27.1	29.3	28.8	27.4	30.2	27.7	26.9	28.4	1.799	2.654	Islam
Ossetian	34.1	32.5	35.7	34.0	32.2	35.7	34.4	33.2	35.6	1.665	2.267	Christianity
Dargwa	24.6	23.9	25.3	24.3	23.8	24.8	24.8	24.0	25.6	2.162	3.476	Islam
Buryat	28.6	26.6	30.5	27.6	25.7	29.5	29.5	27.4	31.5	1.949	2.861	Buddhism
Yakut	26.9	25.1	28.7	26.9	25.2	28.5	27.0	25.1	28.8	1.972	2.843	Christianity
Kumyk	24.6	23.7	25.4	24.8	23.9	25.6	24.4	23.5	25.2	1.977	3.123	Islam
Ingush	22.7	22.4	23.0	22.9	22.5	23.4	22.5	22.3	22.7	2.325	4.05	Islam
Lezgian	25.4	25.2	25.7	25.0	25.2	24.8	25.9	25.2	26.6	2.045	3.275	Islam
Komi	38.8	35.8	41.0	39.4	35.5	41.6	38.3	36.0	40.4	1.869	2.363	Christianity
Tuvan	23.0	21.7	24.2	22.3	21.4	23.3	23.6	22.0	25.1	1.996	3.407	Buddhism
Jewish	57.5	55.7	61.1	57.6	55.7	61.2	53.5	52.0	55.3	1.264	1.371	Judaism
Karachay	29.5	28.3	30.5	27.6	26.4	28.9	30.5	29.5	31.5	1.86	2.836	Islam
Kalmyk	31.3	29.2	33.3	28.6	26.3	31.3	33.9	32.6	35.1	1.853	2.625	Buddhism
Adyghe	34.2	32.4	36.0	32.0	30.3	33.7	36.2	34.2	38.2	1.757	2.363	Islam
Permyak	40.8	38.6	42.7	41.3	39.5	42.5	40.5	38.1	42.8	2.145	2.604	Christianity
Balkar	30.1	29.5	30.7	29.3	28.8	29.8	30.9	30.1	31.9	1.689	2.624	Islam
Karelian	45.7	42.4	48.6	44.7	41.3	47.2	47.0	43.5	51.2	1.823	2.108	Christianity
Kazakh	30.7	28.4	32.9	30.1	27.9	32.4	31.2	28.8	33.5	1.872	2.609	Islam
Altay	27.5	25.5	29.4	22.7	21.5	24.2	28.9	26.9	30.8	2.021	2.933	Buddhism
Cherkess	31.2	30.1	32.3	29.7	28.3	30.9	32.1	31.1	33.3	1.807	2.607	Islam

Languages

Main article: Languages of Russia

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Russia

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow

Qolsharif Mosque, Kazan

The most widespread religion in Russia is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. A survey by ВЦИОМ in 2010 (with a 3.4% margin of error) found that 73% of the Russian population is Orthodox and 6% is Muslim. 1% believed in other faiths and the remainder were non-religious, or self-identified atheists or agnostics (self identified religious people and non-religious people can be atheists or agnostics). 16% of the population observed fasting during Lent.^[35]

Over 80% of ethnic Russians identify themselves as Orthodox. Of these, approximately 2–4%^[36] of the general population are integrated into church life (воцерковленные), while others attend on a less regular basis or not at all. Many non-religious ethnic Russians identify with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons.^[37] The majority of Muslims live in the Volga–Ural region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.^[36][38] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Roman Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

According to the 2002 Census, 9.96% of the Russian population belongs to ethnic groups which had traditionally practiced Islam (such as Tatars, Bashkirs, Chechens and Azeris). However the actual number of Muslims is expected to be much lower than this amount, due to the existence of a large number of Christian congregations among these groups (Keräşens and Nağaybäks among Tatars, Mozdok Christians among Kabardians, etc. According to Vyacheslav Sanin, one-third of Adzharians, 25% each of Tatars and Adyghe and more than 10% of Kazakhs living in Russia practice Christianity, with many more being atheist^[39]). The number of Muslims among other ethnic groups is believed to be much smaller, amounting to only a few thousand.^[40] Most of the Russian sources give a figure of around 6% of the total population based on surveys,^[41] while Western sources give a figure of 10% to 15%.^[42] Depending on sources the population varies, muslim population has also been estimated as high as 20 million, the Dawn newspaper says this value is a usual estimate.^[43]

Roman Silantyev, an expert on Islam in Russia, claims that there are between 5,500 and 6,000 ethnic Slavs who are Muslim. At the same time there are more than 500,000 people of traditionally Muslim ethnicities who believe in Orthodoxy. One percent of all the adherents and over 400 priests in the Russian Orthodox Church are from Muslim ethnic groups.^[40]

Education

Main article: Education in Russia

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total literacy: 99.4% (2002)
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2%^[38]

Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.^{[citation needed]}

About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.^[44]

Labour force

The Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. The unemployment rate in Russia was 8.1% as of 2009. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2007 about 15% of the population was living below the poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999.^[45][46] The average yearly salary in Russia was $7,680 (about $13,800 PPP) as of May 2008, up from $455 per year in August 1999.^[47][48]

According to the FMS, as of 2011, there were 7,000,000 immigrants working in Russia. Half of these were from Ukraine, while the remainder was mostly from Central Asia. Only 3 million or less than half of all the immigrants are legal. Illegal immigrants number 4 million, mostly from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Moldova.^[31] The Census usually covers only a part of this population and the last one (2002 Census) counted one million non-citizens.

Health

Main article: Health in Russia

Russian male and female life expectancy since 1950.^[49][50]

In 2010, 1,140,368, or 56% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer which claimed 292,310 lives (14.3%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.7%), road accidents (1.4%), murders (0.9%), accidental alcohol poisoning (0.7%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 206,336 lives in total (10.2%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.5%), respiratory disease (3.6%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (1.1%).^[51] The infant mortality rate in 2010 was 7.5 deaths per 1,000 (down from 8.2 in 2009 and 16.9 in 1999).^[52][53]

As of 2010, the average life expectancy in Russia was 63.03 years for males and 74.87 years for females.^[54] The average Russian life expectancy of 68.98 years at birth is nearly 10 years shorter than the overall average figure for the European Union, or the United States.^[55] The largest contributing factor to the relatively low life expectancy is high mortality among working-age males due to preventable causes such as accidents, alcohol poisoning, violent crimes, heart disease etc.^{[citation needed]} Some infectious diseases are also implicated, such as AIDS/HIV and tuberculosis, which became more widespread in Russia in the 1990s because of the deterioration in the healthcare system. In the late 1950s, the USSR had a higher life expectancy than the United States,^[56] but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986,^[57] prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2005—2010 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by over four years, increasing the overall life expectancy by nearly 4 years to 68.98.^[54]

Abortions

In the 1980s only 8–10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20–40% in developed countries. This led to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which lead to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per women during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).^[58]

Despite clear progress in family planning, the target of desired children at the desired time for a large portion of Russian families has not yet been achieved. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as the Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years ago was half of that in Russia today.^[58]

Population of main cities

view · talk · edit Moscow Saint Petersburg Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg	Rank	Core City	Name in Russian	Federal Subject	Pop.	view · talk · edit Nizhny Novgorod Samara Kazan Omsk
	1	Moscow	Москва	Moscow	11,800,992
	2	Saint Petersburg	Санкт-Петербург	Saint Petersburg	4,900,520
	3	Novosibirsk	Новосибирск	Novosibirsk	1,397,191
	4	Yekaterinburg	Екатеринбург	Sverdlovsk	1,332,264
	5	Nizhny Novgorod	Нижний Новгород	Nizhny Novgorod	1,272,527
	6	Samara	Самара	Samara	1 164 900
	7	Kazan	Казань	Tatarstan	1 143 600
	8	Omsk	Омск	Omsk	1,129,120
	9	Chelyabinsk	Челябинск	Chelyabinsk	1,093,699
	10	Rostov-on-Don	Ростов-на-Дону	Rostov	1,048,991
	11	Ufa	Уфа	Bashkortostan	1,024,842
	12	Volgograd	Волгоград	Volgograd	1,021,200
	13	Krasnoyarsk	Красноярск	Krasnoyarsk	990,601
	14	Perm	Пермь	Perm	985,794
	15	Voronezh	Воронеж	Voronezh	843,496
	16	Saratov	Саратов	Saratov	830,953
	17	Tolyatti	Тольятти	Samara	720,346
	18	Krasnodar	Краснодар	Krasnodar	710,686
	19	Izhevsk	Ижевск	Udmurtia	611,043
	20	Yaroslavl	Ярославль	Yaroslavl	606,336
Rosstat (2009)[59][60]

Rural life

Rural life in Russia is distinct from many other nations. Russia is one of few nations that have small towns hundreds of kilometres from major population centres. Villages far from towns are classified by poor living conditions: low salaries, lack of heating equipment and sewage systems, and sometimes lack of electricity (mostly in Siberia). Sanitation and hygiene is also very poor in some areas that completely lack any plumbing whatsoever. Relatively few Russian people live in villages—rural population accounted for 27% of the total population according to the 2002 Russian Census.^[61] Some people rent village houses and use them as dachas (summer houses).

Demographic statistics

Population pyramid of Russia as of 1 January 2010

Population density

8.4 people per square kilometre (2010 Russian Census)^[2]

Population distribution

74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)

Population growth rate

-0.06% (2010)^[62]

Natural population growth rate

-1.7 persons/1,000 population (2010)^[52]

Births

1,789,600 (2010)^[52]

Deaths

2,031,000 (2010)^[52]

Birth rate

12.6 births/1,000 population (2010)^[52]

Death rate

14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2010)^[52]

Total fertility rate

1.58 children born/woman (2010)^[25][26]

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 68.98 years
male: 63.04 years
female: 74.87 years (2010) ^[54]

Infant mortality rate

7.5 deaths/1,000 live births^[52] (2010)

Under-five mortality rate

13 deaths/1,000 live births (2008)^[63]

Median age

total: 38.8 years
male: 36.1 years
female: 41.1 years (2009)^[64]

Age structure

0–14 years: 14.9% (male 10,806,895/female 10,285,532)
15–64 years: 71.8% (male 48,864,763/female 53,048,315)
65 years and over: 13.3% (male 5,969,976/female 12,928,498) (2009)^[64]

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009) ^[64]

Net migration rate

1.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010)^[62]

See also

• Demographics of Siberia
• Demographics of the Soviet Union
• Demography of Central Asia
• Health in Russia
• List of Russian people
• Soviet Census
• Russian Empire Census (1897)
• Russian Census (2002)
• Russian Census (2010)

References

1. ^ Population data for 1992–2011 from Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat)
2. ^ ^{a b} "Сообщение Росстата". Perepis-2010.ru. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/message-rosstat.php. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} 2009 demographic figures Rosstat Retrieved on 18 February 2010
4. ^ ^{a b} Russia sees first population increase in 15 years BBC Retrieved on 18 February 2009
5. ^ Russian death rates 1950–2008 Demoscope Retrieved on 29 May 2009
6. ^ Russian birth rates 1950–2008 Demoscope Retrieved on 29 May 2009
7. ^ Steven Eke (23 June 2005). "Russia's population falling fast". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4125072.stm. Retrieved 15 March 2008. 
8. ^ United Nations ECOSOC,http://esa.un.org/unpp/ World Population Prospects: the 2008 Revision Population Database, Medium variant.
9. ^ Rosstat Retrieved 16 March 2010
10. ^ Sublime Oblivion: Faces of the Future Retrieved 16 March 2010
11. ^ Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007 The Economic Times 21 March 2008
12. ^ ^{a b} CIA Factbook – USA Retrieved on 27 March 2010
13. ^ "WHO Life Expectancy Projections 2000 – ministry". World Health Organisation. http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-life.html. Retrieved 7 January 2009. 
14. ^ Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis The Lancet Retrieved on 02-12-09
15. ^ Ex-communist reform – Mass murder and the market The Economist Retrieved on 02-12-09
16. ^ ^{a b} Смертность в России сквозь призму приватизации (Russian)
17. ^ "Vladimir Putin’s State-of-the-Nation Address". Mosnews.com. http://www.mosnews.com/column/2006/05/11/PutinAddress.shtml. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
18. ^ Newsru, Население России за пять лет уменьшилось на 3,2 миллиона до 142 миллионов человек, 19.Oct.2007 Retrieved same date
19. ^ In Russia the first time in 15 years recorded population growth Retrieved on 09-09-30
20. ^ Tom Parfitt in Moscow. "Vladimir Putin pledges to spend £32bn on increasing Russian life expectancy , World news". The Guardian. UK. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/21/vladimir-putin-increasing-russian-life-expectancy. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
21. ^ E.Andreev, L.Darski, T.Kharkova "Histoire démographique de la Russie. 1927–1959"
22. ^ E.Andreev, L.Darski, T.Kharkova "Histoire démographique de la Russie. 1927–1959"
23. ^ "Goskomstat". Gks.ru. http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi#1. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
24. ^ Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND, page 13-18, Retrieved on 3 March 2009, ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
25. ^ ^{a b} Tatiana Golikova on the expanded board meeting of the Health Ministry: "Despite the financial crisis, we have developed and launched a large-scale projects" Retrieved on 21 May 2010
26. ^ ^{a b c d} "Rosstat TFR database". Gks.ru. http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi?pl=2415002. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
27. ^ Fertility Rate Statistics Demoscope.ru Retrieved on 10 September 2009
28. ^ "The World Factbook 2009". Washington DC: Central Intelligence Agency. 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html. Retrieved 7 December 09. 
29. ^ ^{a b} Ethnic groups in Russia, 2002 census, Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 5 February 2009
30. ^ ^{a b} Russia population census 2002, Vol. 4, Table 1. Retrieved 5 February 2009
31. ^ ^{a b} "Новости NEWSru.com :: ФМС: в РФ нелегально работают 3 млн трудовых мигрантов, остальные 4 млн "халтурят" с налогами". Newsru.com. http://www.newsru.com/russia/23nov2010/migranty.html. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
32. ^ Central Asia: Labor Migrants Face Abuse, Xenophobia Retrieved on 15 March 2008
33. ^ 2002 Russian census, Женщины наиболее многочисленных национальностей по возрастным группам и числу рожденных детей по субъектам Российской Федерации
34. ^ 2002 Russian census, Население отдельных национальностей по возрастным группам и полу по субъектам Российской Федерации
35. ^ 21.04.2008 (21 April 2008). "83% россиян не соблюдают Великий пост / Апрель / 2008 / Сколько верующих / Дискуссии / Религия в светском обществе / СОВА". Sova-center.ru. http://www.sova-center.ru/religion/discussions/how-many/2008/04/d13143/. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
36. ^ ^{a b} "Русская линия / Библиотека периодической печати / Как пишутся страшные сказки о Церкви". Rusk.ru. 31 August 2005. http://www.rusk.ru/st.php?idar=13228. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
37. ^ in Russian:Социология религии^{[dead link]}
38. ^ ^{a b} Russia CIA World Factbook CIA World Factbook updated 6 March 2008
39. ^ "Gorod 812". Online812.ru. 23 March 2011. http://www.online812.ru/2011/03/23/014/. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
40. ^ ^{a b} "Ислам славянской национальности – новость в рубрике Общество на Newsland". Newsland.ru. http://newsland.ru/news/detail/id/630717/cat/42/. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
41. ^ "(Russian)Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше". religare.ru. 6 June 2007. http://www.religare.ru/article42432.htm. Retrieved 27 December 2007. 
42. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
43. ^ "Russian Muslims flood into streets for Eid prayers". Dawn.Com. 2011-08-31. http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/31/russian-muslims-flood-into-streets-for-eid-prayers.html. Retrieved 2011-10-23. 
44. ^ "Russia country guide – EUbusiness.com – business, legal and financial news and information from the European Union". Eubusiness.com. http://www.eubusiness.com/Russia/russia-country-guide/. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
45. ^ Indexmundi Poverty Rates Retrieved on 16 March 2008
46. ^ Российская газета. Неравномерности роста – Между регионами остаются серьёзные различия. (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Unevenness of the growth – Significant discrepancies remain between the regions), 19.09.2007
47. ^ Russians weigh an enigma with Putin’s protégé MSNBC Retrieved on 29 March 2009
48. ^ "Putin’s Economy—Eight Years On". russiaprofile.org. http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Business&articleid=a1187177738. Retrieved 27 December 2007. 
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50. ^ Life Expectancy of the Russian Federation since 1992 Retrieved on 29 May 2008
51. ^ Rosstat demographics report for the year 2008 Federal State Statistics Service, Retrieved on 3 June 2009
52. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Rosstat 2010 demographic figures Retrieved on 2 February 2011
53. ^ Infant Mortality Rates Demoscope Retrieved on 27 April 2010
54. ^ ^{a b c} Russian life expectancy figures for 2010 Rosstat Retrieved on 2 February 2011
55. ^ "European Union". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html. Retrieved 20 January 2008. 
56. ^ Yeltsin: healthier than the average Russian: Poverty, pollution and drink has slashed life expectancy, writes Phil Reeves The Independent, 29 September 1996
57. ^ A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former) Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Edited by Raymond E. Zickel 1989. Chapter 3 – Population – Vital Statistics
58. ^ ^{a b} National Human Development Report Russian Federation 2008, UNDP,pages 47–49, Retrieved on 10 October 2009
59. ^ Cities with over 1 million population Rosstat
60. ^ Cities with population between 500,000 and 1 million Rosstat
61. ^ "Resident population". Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-01.htm. Retrieved 27 December 2007. 
62. ^ ^{a b} 2010 Rosstat overview Retrieved on 17 February 2011
63. ^ UNICEF Rate of Progress Index UNICEF Retrieved on 27 December 2009
64. ^ ^{a b c} Age structure of the Russian population as of 1 January 2009 Rosstat Retrieved on 8 October 2009

Further reading

• Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp.113-131.
• Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551-574.
• Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117-145
• Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397-419.

External links

• Igor Beloborodov, Demographic situation in Russia in 1992–2010 (report at the Moscow Demographic Summit — June, 2011)
• Nicholas Eberstadt, Russia’s Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications (NBR Project Report, May 2010)
• Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
• Jessica Griffith The Regional Consequences of Russia’s Demographic Crisis University of Leicester
• Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008)
• Interactive statistics for all countries, site of US Census bureau.
• 2009 World Population Data Sheet by the Population Reference Bureau
• Population density and distribution maps (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
• Ethnic groups of Russia
• Problems with mortality data in Russia
• V. Borisov “Demographic situation in Russia and the role of mortality in reproduction of population”, 2005 (in English)
• Russian Empire:
  • The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire
• Iranians Diaspora in Russia: "The Persian Diaspora, List of Persians and Farsi Speaking Peoples living outside of Iran, Worldwide Outreach to Persians, Outreach to Muslims around the Globe". Farsinet.com. http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html. Retrieved 14 May 2011. 
• (Russian) В погоне за малыми, an article about treatment of minorities in the Russian Empire, Kommersant-Money, 25 October 2005
• Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian)

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