IC3

The IC3 (or class MF) is a Danish-built high-comfort medium/long distance diesel multiple-unit train. The sets were built by ABB Scandia (later purchased by Adtranz, which itself was subsequently acquired by Bombardier Transportation). This train model has been operating in Europe since 1989. The name indicates simply that it is a three-carriage InterCity trainset.

General Overview

The IC3 is a wide, articulated train (with bogies shared between carriages) made of aluminium. There are two 298 kW (400 hp) engines in each end of the front and rear carriages, while the central car has none, giving a total of 1192 kW (1600 bhp).

The efficient mechanical transmissions with multiple gear ratios and high power for the 97t tare weight give the IC3 excellent acceleration capabilities. The short distances between stations on inter-city routes in Denmark makes acceleration more important than speed, and so the IC3 units are geared for a top service speed of 180 km/h (112mph).

When two or more units are coupled together in a single train, the entire front windscreen and driver’s seat folds away to give a wide passage, and the characteristic large rubber diaphragms at the ends form a flush aerodynamic seal. The IC3 can also couple and run in tandem with the electrical version, the IR4. Up to five trainsets can be coupled together. The IC3 can also be coupled mechanical with its Flexliner little sister IC2 and the cousin ET-FT-ET in case of shuttle reason.

Danske Statsbaner, the Danish State Railways, runs 96 IC3 sets and 44 IR4 sets. Their IC3 units are to undergo refurbishment, including engine and transmission upgrades to prepare them for regional service, when the inter-city services are taken over by their successor, the IC4.

Some IC3 run in Sweden, mainly Kalmar-Linköping. They are called Y2 according to Swedish naming. Before 2007 they also ran Malmö-Karlskrona, but that railway has been electrified.

Another large operator of the IC3 trains is Israel Railways, who operate about 50 IC3 sets. Some of those sets were assembled in Israel by "RAMTA", a division of IAI, and some of those are modified IC3 trainsets originally delived to Sweden.

In 1997, an Israel Railways IC3 was tested in North America under the name ‘Flexiliner’. Amtrak used it on the Hiawatha, San Diegan, and between Eugene and Portland, Oregon; VIA Rail Canada tested it for services on the Windsor–Québec corridor.

The total number of ABB Scandia/Adtranz-built IC3 and IC3-based trainsets is 202.

Historical overview

Development of the IC3 started in 1984, production started in 1986, and they entered service in 1991. However, its roots can be traced back further. In 1972, DSB celebrated its 125th anniversary, and at the same time made some large changes. First of all, two years later, in 1974, a completely new timetable system, the K74, was introduced. Secondly, the concept of "lyntog" were removed as the foundation of the long-distance traffic, and instead a new "InterCity" concept took over that role. After a few years, a new concept emerged, the so-called APOs, which were work-groups tasked with specific areas. The were groups for electrical locomotives, diesel-powered locomotives, and others, including the "long distance train" APO group.

The "long-distance train" - APO was originally tasked with finding a suitable train for long-distance traffic. However, it was later rumoured that the "lyntog"-concept might be re-introduced within a few years, and so it was decided to find a suitable design for that concept. Several requirements were made: primarily to use air-conditioning for cooling and heating of passenger areas, and be able to use either electric or diesel propulsion. The second requirement were due to the fact, that the Danish politicians had yet to decide whether or not to fund a proposed electrification of the mainlines of the Danish railroads.At the time, no such train were available, so the group designed one themself. In order to avoid propulsion units in the train (and thus reducing variants and development costs), it were designed to use an locomotive to haul it, and equip the end wagons with driver cabins. The train were designed a set of 5 wagons, with a service wagon in the middle (containing a small kiosk, and other facilities) and 4 passenger wagons.

In 1983, the group responsible for the timetables, had made a set of requirements for the ideal future train for the InterCity traffic, and those requirements were based on the experiences from the prototype (which had now become known as IC5): it should be light-weight (preferably built of aluminium), its passenger compartments should have fixed windows and air-conditioning, it should be self-propelled, it should use standard engine and transmission components from the bus and truck industry, and it should be fast and easy to add carriages (by coupling with another trainset); along with a number of technical requirements. The new project became designated IC3.

After the IC3 project had been proposed, it was relatively quickly decided to cancel development of the IC5-prototype, as it suffered from several problems. The main problem was the weight of the train. Originally it had been estimated to weigh around 200 to 210 tonnes, but ended up weighing 270 tonnes. A train of similar size and capacity, consisting of conventional wagons, would weigh approximately the same as originally estimated.When it was first proposed to cancel the IC5 project, the trains designers tried to save it by proposing several solutions to the trains problems, but to no use: DSB's management had decided that the IC3 was the proper train for the future.

The task of developing the IC3 was assigned to a joint-group of designers and technical engineers from DSB iself and the factory Scandia (now a part of the Bombardier corporation). As a sidenote, it should be mentioned that neither DSB or Scandia themselfes, wished that they (Scandia) got the task, as they had pretty much no experience in this kind of trains.

The first IC3 set was delivered in 1988, but unfortunately suffered from a number of teething problems, primarily due to its (at the time very advanced) computer systems. One example was that it would lock the toilet door with no apparent reason (it was programmed to lock the door when either someone was in there and requested so via a button, or when the toilet-system suffered a problem). By late 1990, the majority of these problems had been solved, and so the train entered service in 1991.

Technical overview

An IC3 set consists of (as the name implies) three carriages. These are the MFA (passenger and motor carriage), the FF (passenger center carriage) and the MFB (passenger and motor carriage). The MFA and MFB are, from a technical point-of-view, identical and only differ slightly in the interior design.

The train is powered by four diesel engines, each delivering 298 kW (400 HK), giving the train a total of 1193 kW (1600 HK) to propel it. The engines are mounted in the MFA and MFB carriages, with two engines in each carriage. Each engine drives the axles on the bogies via an electronically-controlled automatic gearbox. The engines are mounted so that the end which would normally point forwards in a rear-wheel-drive car, instead faces the center of the MFA and MFB carriages. Due to this mounting design and nature of combustion engines and to the fact that the train runs forward in both directions, a so-called "reverse gear" had to be attached to automatic gearboxes. They are responsible for making the axles turn the right way. These gears are normally not controlled directly by the train's driver; instead, the train's on-board computers check which of the two cabs is active to determine the train's primary driving direction, setting the reverse gears accordingly.

Derivatives

The IC3 has not only served as the backbone of the Danish InterCity-concept for the past 15 years; it has also served as the foundation and/or inspiration for four other trains. These are the IR4, the IC2, and the ET-FT-ET trains.

IR4 "InterRegional 4"

The first of the IC3's offspring, which is electrically powered. It was originally designed for the Danish regional traffic, but has later been upgraded and is currently also being used in the InterCity traffic, often together with one or more IC3-set(s) on routes which has been electrified. The IR4 consists of 4 carriages (as implied by its name), all of which are similar in design to the MFA/MFB carriages (when viewed from the outside), with a wide set of doors in one end of each carriages. A total of 44 IR4 sets were built, all of which are currently in service.

IC2 "InterCity 2"

The second of the IC3's offspring is often described as a "discount edition of the IC3", which is not entirely fair. It were designed in 1992–1993, when the Danish private railways began to search for a newer train. It were originally proposed to be an IC3 with the center carriage (the FF) removed, and without engines in one of the remaining carriages. This design did not entirely satisfy representatives of the private railways, so instead, after some debate, it was redesigned to its current appearance.

The IC2 consists of 2 carriages, the MF and the FS. The MF is a combined engine and passenger carriage, and has its set of doors placed towards the cab of the carriage, actually as close to the bogies as possible. The MF houses the engines, which are mounted under the floor in the middle of the carriage. It has two engines, delivering a total of 627 kW (840 hp), and drives the train in the same way as the MFA/MFB carriages drives the IC3.

The FS is a combined cab and passenger carriage, and has a quite unique look when viewed from the outside. This is due to the "low-floor entrance" feature included in the design, where part of the floor and doors between the two bogies are "sunken" to a height of 60 cm (23,5 inches) from the top of the rails. This provides very easy access to the train, especially when bicycles, wheelchairs, and the like need to be put on the train. This easy entrance is because the 60 cm (23.5 inches) from the top of the rails, is also the general height within a few centimeters (1-2 inches) of platforms on the Danish railway network.

There are some technical differences between the IC2 and the IC3. The most obvious is of course the smaller number of carriages, and other engines (the IC3 has four engines, each delivering approx. 298 kW (400 hp); the IC2 has two engines, each delivering approx. 313 kW (420 hp). Other differences include the way the engines are cooled (the IC3 engines are aircooled, but due to several technical issues with this system, it were decided to use watercooled engines), electric-driven AC system (another thing decided after experience with the IC3, which AC system were powered directly from the engines).

One final thing to notice is that although the IC2 shares its physical profile and physical coupling system with the IC3 and the IR4, they are incapable of actually driving as a companion with those two "relatives". This is due to the nature of the trains. The designers of the computer system which transmits the driver's commands to the engines and gearboxes have not been able to come up with a common system for all three types. Instead, in order for the different types to work together, a special interface-module is required, which must be built into each trainset (except from the IC3, from which the original command-signal comes). However, due to financial issues, and the fact that it would proably not be used, it was decided not to have this module in the trains, although it can easily be added if needed.

A total of thirteen IC2-sets were built, all of which are in service. The largest operator is Lollandsbanen, who have 10; the only other operator is Vestsjaellands Lokalbaner.

Oresundtrain

The third and newest of the IC3's offspring is specifically designed for use in the regional traffic in areas surrounding the Oresund Bridge. The train is operated by both DSB and its Swedish counterpart, SJ, and only runs in that area. Its formation is ET-FT-ET. The train is electrically powered, and can run on both Danish power (25 kV, 50 Hz) and Swedish power (15kV, 16 2/3 Hz). It is called Contessa by its manufacturer, [ [http://www.bombardier.com/en/1_0/1_1/1_1_4_1_2.jsp Bombardier Inc. - Bombardier - Home ] ] and designated Litra ET in Denmark and X31K in Sweden.

References

* [http://www.dsb.dk/servlet/Satellite?pagename=Millenium/Page/Indholdsside_med_sidemenu_og_introindhold&c=Page&cid=1098341129632&a=Artikel&aid=1099378075858&pid=1099565562725&p=Artikel IC3 train data and further details including cab and interior pictures and plan drawing (Danish)]
* [http://www.jernbanen.dk/lyntog.asp?typenr=5 List of all Danish IC3 units - some with pictures and brief information (Danish)]
* [http://www.railway-energy.org/tfee/index.php?ID=220&TECHNOLOGYID=98&SEL=210&EXPANDALL=3 Details on mechanical train transmissions]

Notes