Bowerchalke

infobox UK place
country= England
official_name= Bowerchalke
latitude= 51.0043
longitude= -1.9762
population= 378 [ [http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=800669&c=SP5+5BB&d=16&e=15&g=498166&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 Census data] ]
shire_district= Salisbury
region= South West England
shire_county = Wiltshire
constituency_westminster= Salisbury
post_town= SALISBURY
postcode_district = SP5
postcode_area= SP
dial_code= 01722
os_grid_reference= SU017227

Bowerchalke or Bower Chalke is a village and civil parish in the Salisbury district of Wiltshire, England, about twelve miles east of Shaftesbury, approximately one mile from both Hampshire and Dorset county boundaries. It is located within the 'Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty' and is part of the Southern England Chalk Formation. The River Chalke, a classic chalk stream, rises in the village and joins the River Ebble at Broad Chalke, flowing into the Hampshire Avon south of Salisbury. The Bowerchalke Downs, also known as Woodminton Down, Marleycombe Down and Knowle Down, were defined as a 128.6 hectare Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1971.

Origins

It is not known when Bowerchalke was first inhabited or what it was called but fragmentary records from Saxon times indicate that the whole Chalke Valley area was thriving, the River Ebble also being known as the River Chalke. [http://www.southwilts.com/site/Ebbesbourne-Wake-Through-The-Ages/EWTTA3.pdf Ebbesbourne Wake through the Ages by Peter Meers] ]

The Doomsday Book in 1086 divided the Chalke Valley into eight manors, "Chelke" (Chalke), "Eblesborne" (Ebbesbourne Wake), "Fifehide" (Fifield Bavant), "Cumbe" (Coombe Bissett), "Humitone" (Homington), "Odestoche" (Odstock), "Stradford" (Stratford Tony) and "Trow" (circa Alvediston and Tollard Royal). In the 12th century the area was known primarily as the Stowford Hundred (etymology - Stone ford (Stoford) across the "winter bourne" seasonal stream that is now the River Ebble) then subsequently as the Chalke Hundred. The Hundred included the parishes of Berwick St John, Ebbesbourne Wake, Fifield Bavant, Semley, Tollard Royal and 'Chalke'. The name "Burchelke" first appeared in 1225, and "Brode Chalk" was first mentioned in 1380. Although Chalke was a comparatively large, disconnected estate it was not separated into the two ecclesiastical parishes of Broad Chalk and Bowerchalke until 1880. Additionally, much of the land of the new Bowerchalke parish was annexed from Fifield Bavant in 1885.

Modern History

The Nobel prize winning novelist William Golding, author of "Lord of the Flies", "The Inheritors", etc is buried in the village churchyard of the Holy Trinity, having lived the middle part of his life in a cottage on the banks of the River Chalke. He also named the Gaia hypothesis which was conceived by his fellow walking companion Dr James Lovelock who lived in the village from circa 1960-1980 at both 'Pixies Cottage' Misselfore and at 'Clovers Cottage' Mead End. His daughter Christine Lovelock is an internationally noted athlete and artist, exhibiting paintings of both the village and nearby Marleycombe Down. [ [http://www.artistsagainstwindfarms.com/windfarms/marleycombewindfarms.html www.artistsagainstwindfarms.com] ] [ [http://www.artistsagainstwindfarms.com/bowerchalke/footpath_by_church.html www.artistsagainstwindfarms.com] ] [ [http://www.chrislovelock.co.uk/bowerchalke/bowerchalke_gallery.html www.chrislovelock.co.uk] ]

International violinist Iona Brown lived in the village at 'Misselfore Cottage' from 1968 until her death in 2004. When she took part in BBC Radio 4 Kaleidoscope explaining how hard it was to play her signature piece The Lark Ascending by Ralph Vaughan Williams, she said that the lark song during long walks on nearby 'Marleycombe Down' was a central tenet of her performance.

A hoard of 17 gold staters (coins) used by the Durotriges, a Celtic tribe, was discovered by metal detectorists near Bowerchalke. The Durotriges tribe lived in South Wiltshire and Dorset before the Roman occupation, became Romanised by circa AD 79 and gave their name to Dorset. Examples of the coins are now displayed in the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum. [http://www.salisburymuseum.org.uk/galleries/index.php?Action=4&obID=28&prevID=34&oprevID=8] A second hoard of 2 gold rings and 5 silver coins dated to 389 AD was found in 2002 nearby the original [ [http://archive.thisiswiltshire.co.uk/2002/10/10/175660.html archive.thisiswiltshire.co.uk] ]

The Bowerchalke Barrel Urn was excavated in 1925 by Mr R Clay, from the bowl barrow on 'Marleycombe Down'. The repaired barrel urn is part of the collection at Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Devizes [ [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/heritage/heritage-conservation/heritage-conservation-case-studies/wiltshire-bronze-age-ceramics-project/bowerchalke-barrel-urn.htm www.wiltshire.gov.uk] ]

William Thick was born in 1845 at 'Misselfore Green' but left the village in 1868 to join the Metropolitan Police at Whitechapel in London (warrant No 49989). In 1889, while investigating the Whitechapel murders, Sergeant Thick was named in letters as a prospective perpetrator, to wit "I have very good grounds to believe that the person who has committed the Whitechapel Murders is a member of the police force." ..."Sergeant William Thick" ... Sergeant Thick is no longer a suspect. [ [http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/ws-thick.html www.casebook.org] ]

From 1878 until 1924 a unique village newspaper was written, printed, published and sold for a farthing by the Reverend Edward Collett, documenting the social history of the village. The papers were researched and published by Rex Sawyer as "The Bowerchalke Parish Papers" in 1989 after he had discovered the original printing press in his garden. In 2004 they were republished as "Collett's Farthing Newspaper: the Bowerchalke Village Newspaper, 1878-1924" [ [http://www.hobnobpress.co.uk/1283.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* www.hobnobpress.co.uk] (ISBN 0-946418-22-5)]

The village school closed in 1976 and children from Bowerchalke now attend the thriving school in neighbouring Broad Chalke. The old school buildings now serve as the Village Hall.

The village pub, [http://www.frithphotos.com/archive/england/wiltshire/bowerchalke/photos/B373001 The Bell Inn] , closed in 1988 and is now a residential dwelling known as 'Bell House'.

The once renowned village cricket team, thanks in part to the dynasty of 'cricketing Gullivers' (Brian, David, Derek, Richard and Robin), closed circa 1980.

The village Post Office and General Stores closed in 2003. The nearest Post Office is in Broad Chalke.

An article about the closures entitled [http://www.guardian.co.uk/country/article/0,2763,1517878,00.html 'Village of the Damned'] , written by David McKie, was published in "The Guardian" on 30 June 2005.

The village was the location for the fire in John Schlesinger's 1967 film of Thomas Hardy's novel "Far from the Madding Crowd". at coord|51|0|30.75|N|1|59|18.30|W|.

Site of Special Scientific Interest

Marleycombe Down, Knowle Down and Woodminton Down comprise the entire southern outlook of the village. They are jointly known as the Bowerchalke Downs, a 128.6 hectare Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The English Nature citation from 1971 states :-

"This site is an extensive area of floristically rich chalk grassland, a habitat which has become increasingly scarce due to agricultural intensification. It lies along an escarpment of the Middle Chalk overlooking the Ebble Valley in South Wiltshire and has slopes of several aspects. Present on the site are plant and animal species with a nationally restricted distribution." [http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003230.pdf English Nature citation] ]

"Most of the site comprises species-rich turf in which Sheep's Fescue "(Festuca Ovina)" and Meadow Oat-grass "(Avenula pratensis)" are major components whilst Quaking grass "(Briza media)", Salad Burnet "(Sanguisorba minor)", Small Scabious "(Scabiosa columbaria)", and Cowslip "(Primula veris)" are widespread and frequent."

"Several species considered indicative of continuous management in the absence of fertilisers, herbicides and ploughing also occur throughout. These include Clustered Bellflower "(Campanula glomerata)", Frog Orchid "(Coeloglossum viride)", Chalk Milkwort "(Polygala calcarea)" and Betony "(Stachys officinalis)"."

"There is, however, much variety within the vegetation and several species that are generally scattered in the turf such as Glaucous Sedge "(Carex flacca)", Spring-Sedge "(Carex caryophyllea)", Wild Carrot "(Daucus carota)" and Kidney Vetch "(Anthyllis vulneraria)" show localised abundance."

"Over quite extensive areas Dwarf Sedge "(Carex humilis)" becomes dominant, a species largely restricted to the downs of south west Wiltshire and Dorset. Two other species with a localised national distribution are early Gentian "(Gentianella anglica)" and Musk Orchid "(Herminium monorchis)". The latter is found in an area particularly rich in Orchids including Pyramidal Orchid "(Anacamptis pyramidalis)", Bee Orchid "(Ophrys apifera)", Common Spotted Orchid "(Dactylorhiza fuchsii)", Fragrant Orchid "(Gymnadenia conopsea)" and Twayblade "(Listera ovata)"."

"Where the sward has been more lightly grazed Upright Brome "(Bromus erectus)", Hairy Oat-grass "(Avenula pubescens)", Cock's-foot "(Dactylis glomerata)" and False Oat-grass "(Arrhenatherum elatius)" become more predominant. Associated with these are herbs such as Yellow Rattle "(Rhinanthus minor)", Greater Knapweed "(Centaurea scabiosa)" and Common Knapweed "(Centaurea nigra)" as well as species common to the whole site like Salad Burnet and Cowslip. In these areas there are also colonies of Meadow Saxifrage "(Saxifraga granulata)" and small populations of both Greater Butterfly Orchid "(Platanthera chlorantha)" and Adder's-tongue "(Ophioglossum vulgatum)"."

"Scrub is scattered on some of the slopes becoming dense in one or two places. There is a diversity of shrub and tree species; Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Wayfaring tree, Gorse, Whitebeam, Hazel and ash."

"Anthills produced by the Yellow Meadow ant "(Lasius flavus)" are a feature of several slopes.

The grassland supports a variety of butterfly species including Dingy Skipper, Dark Green Fritillary and Common Blue. The Adonis Blue is also found where its larval food plant, Horseshoe Vetch "(Hippocrepis comosa)" grows in favourable conditions. In Britain this butterfly is confined to a limited number of chalk and limestone grassland sites in the south."

"Birds typical of this habitat include Skylark, Corn Bunting, Yellowhammer and Grey Partridge. Both Green Woodpecker and Great Spotted Woodpecker visit the site to feed and Buzzard and Kestrel hunt the area."

Geology

The rocks of Bowerchalke that can be seen today were deposited underwater between 120 and 70 million years ago (mya) until they were then uplifted from the sea and have been sculpted by periglacial weathering and erosion over the last 1 million years.

The unseen underlying rocks of Bowerchalke started to form in shallow seas surrounding volcanic islands up to 1,000 million years ago (Proterozoic), circa 60-70 degrees south of the equator, the latitude of present day Argentina. 'Proto-Bowerchalke' and the rest of England and Wales are part of Avalonia, a micro-continent that broke away from the southern landmass, and was 50 degrees south of the equator circa 500 mya. It joined with Baltica just south of the equator 400 mya, and was crushed between Baltica, and Laurasia (North America), and Gondwanaland (Africa, Australia, Antarctica and South America) 350 mya whilst near the equator (Variscan orogeny). Avalonia was landlocked and buffeted within Pangea just north of the equator 270 mya, and became part of a desert in the northern tropics 230 mya. Eventually it formed the west coast of Eurasia as America split away to form the Atlantic Ocean 120 mya. Bowerchalke then laid under warm chalk forming seas until being uplifted 70 mya as Africa started to collide with the European plate in the (Alpine Orogeny), and in the cooler shallow waters river clay sediments capped the chalk. In the last million years the periglacial weathering has completely removed several hundred feet of chalk.

The main portion of the village is formed on the unique 'Bowerchalke greensand inlier' (an area of older rock completely surrounded by younger layers), highlighted in green on the adjacent map. It is not immediately obvious to the naked eye or on the standard Ordnance Survey maps with 10 metre contours [ [http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=401754&y=123277&z=4&sv=401754,123277&st=4&ar=Y&mapp=newmap.srf&searchp=newsearch.srf&ax=401754&ay=123277 www.streetmap.co.uk] ] but the apex is strikingly characterised by the 'island' drawn on the [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/gallery/map/bowerchalke_map001.jpgAndrews 1773 map] . Its presence can be detected in the friable sandy soils in the centre of the village.

The Greensand inlier is a slightly dome shaped area of hard, coarse, olive-green coloured sandstone rock which has had its covering of softer chalk eroded away by 60 million years of weathering since the region was lifted out of the sea. The Cretaceous Upper Greensand is circa 120 million years old and was deposited in brackish, oxygen depleted, water when Bowerchalke was located at around 35 degrees north of the equator, roughly equivalent to southern Spain and Portugal. At that time it was still part of the supercontinent Pangea which was just starting to split and form the Atlantic ocean. The nearest continuous Upper Greensand exposure is along the A30 in the Nadder valley at Fovant. The closest 'unique greensand inlier' is near Andover in Hampshire.

Surrounding the greensand is a ring of younger Lower Cretaceous Chalk which is circa 100 million years old (darker blue on the adjacent map). The chalk was formed in warm, shallow, well oxygenated waters from the remains of micro-organisms (coccolithophores), over millions of years. At this time the Atlantic Ocean was circa 100 miles wide and Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Somerset were a single island with rivers draining their nutrients into the warm sea that covered Wiltshire, Hampshire, the east of England, Northern France, Denmark and northern Germany.

Surrounding the lower chalk is a ringlike region of still younger Middle Cretaceous chalk (circa 80 my)(light blue on the adjacent map). The whole area is bounded by the 'vast expanse' of Upper Cretacious chalk (shown white on the adjacent map) that continued to form when Bowerchalke was circa 45 degrees north, roughly equivalent to Bordeaux or the Dordogne in France. It was still under a shallow sea but Somerset, Ireland and Scotland had become separate islands. Bowerchalke was probably 15-30 miles offshore from the 'coast' between Shaftesbury and Dorchester.

Above the exposed Cretaceous chalk slopes of Marleycombe the hilltops are covered with a very young layer of Pleistocene 'Clay with Flint' that is circa 1-10 million years old and formed by alluvial sediments in cold shallow waters (pink on the adjacent map). The flints were formed in multiple layers as the clay sediment built up, and were then concentrated into a single dense layer as the last million years of sub glacial weathering washed the minute clay particles away.

The steepness of the north facing "Marleycombe Down" contrasts with the gentle rolling slopes towards Ebbesbourne Wake. This is mainly due to erosion during the sustained permafrost and tundra like conditions in the periglacial zones of multiple ice ages. Although the southern limit of the main glaciation is a line across North Wiltshire that corresponds to the M4 corridor, the sun rarely melted the north facing snow pockets on "Marlecombe Down", thus they eroded the soft chalks and clays by eating back into them, leaving the very steep scarp faces. The sporadic melting of snow and ice was forced to drain north east along the course of the River Chalke and River Ebble in occasional summers, plus scouring the now dry channel that forms "Church Street" and "Costers Lane". The southern boundary between the greensand and chalk, is concealed beneath a layer of heavy clay that has accumulated at the bottom "Marleycombe Down" due to the periglacial solifluction. This scouring has also located the natural spring that supplies the River Chalke, whereby the rainfall from the surrounding watershed, having been filtered and channeled through the porous chalk, rises at the natural spring at 'Mead End' where the water table sits on the underlying impervious greensand layer.

References

External links

* [http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=110093 Images of Bowerchalke at Geograph.com]
* [http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/clb_tribe_durotriges.htm The Durotriges at Romans in Britain]
* [http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/ws-thick.html Sergeant William Thick and the Whitechapel Murders]
* [http://www.ccwwdaonb.org.uk/map/index.html Cranborne Chase - Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]
* [http://www.ccwwdaonb.org.uk/pdfs/maps/geology.pdf Cranborne Chase AoONB - Geology map showing Bowerchalke inlier]
* [http://www.sdgr.org.uk/branchlist/towers/tower_page.php?id=21 Salisbury Diocesan Guild of Bell Ringers] maintain a page with details of the Parish church.
* [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/gallery/map/bowerchalke_map001.jpgWiltshire County Council Libraries and Heritage copy of Andrews' and Dury's map - 1773]
* [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/gallery/map/bowerchalke_map002.jpgWiltshire County Council Libraries and Heritage copy of Andrews' and Dury's map - 1810]
* [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getcom2.php?id=23 Bowerchalke at Wiltshire County Council - Community History Site]
* [http://www.artistsagainstwindfarms.com/christine-lovelock-page.html Paintings of Bowerchalke by Christine Lovelock at 'Artists Against Windfarms']
* [http://www.chrislovelock.co.uk/bowerchalke/bowerchalke_gallery.html Paintings of Bowerchalke by Christine Lovelock at 'ChrisLovelock.co.uk']