Ponte Vecchio

The Ponte Vecchio (pronounced|ˈpɔnte ˈvɛkkio) (Italian for "Old Bridge")cite book | year=2007 | title=Ponte Vecchio | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica] is a Medieval bridge over the Arno River, in Florence, Italy, noted for still having shops built along it, as was once common. Butchers initially occupied the shops; the present tenants are jewelers, art dealers and souvenir sellers. It has been described as Europe's oldest wholly-stone, closed-spandrel segmental arch bridge, but there are far older segmental arch bridges such as Alconétar Bridge.

History and construction

The bridge spans the Arno at its narrowest pointTouring Club Italiano, "Firenze e dintorni" 1964:321] where it is believed that a bridge was first built in Roman times,cite book | first=Guido | last=Zucconi | year= 1995| title=Florence: An Architectural Guide | publisher=Arsenale Editrice srl | location=San Giovanni Lupatoto, Vr, Italy | id=ISBN 88-7743-147-4] when the via Cassia crossed the river at this point. The Roman piers were of stone, the superstructure of wood. The bridge first appears in a document of 996. After being destroyed by a flood in 1117 it was reconstructed in stone but swept away again in 1333 save two of its central piers, as noted by Giovanni Villani in his "Nuova Cronica". [Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). "The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance". Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-20900-7 (Paperback). Page 40.] It was rebuilt in 1345, [cite book | first=Michele G | last=Melaragno | year=1998 | title=Preliminary Design of Bridges for Architects and Engineers | publisher=Marcel Dekker | id=ISBN 0824701844 | pages=3] Giorgio Vasari recorded the tradition in his day, that attributed its design to Taddeo Gaddi, [cite book | year=2007 | title=Ponte Vecchio | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica] besides Giotto one of the few artistic names of the trecento still recalled two hundred years later. Modern historians present Neri di Fioravanti as a possible candidate. Sheltered in a little loggia at the central opening of the bridge is a weathered dedication stone, which once read "Nel trentatrè dopo il mille-trecento, il ponte cadde, per diluvio dell' acque: poi dieci anni, come al Comun piacque, rifatto fu con questo adornamento". [Translated it would read, "In the thirty-third year following thirteen hundred, the bridge fell, from a watery flood: ten years later, at the pleasure of the Commune, it was rebuilt, with this adornment". (Touring Club Italiano, "Firenze e dintorni" 1964:321)]

The bridge consists of three segmental arches: the main arch has a span of 30 meters (98 ft) the two side arches each span 27 meters (88 ft). The rise of the arches is between 3.5 and 4.4 meters (11½ to 14½ feet), and the span-to-rise ratio 5:1.Structurae|id=s0000472|title=Ponte Vecchio. Retrieved on 2007-02-16]

It has always hosted shops and merchants who displayed their goods on tables before their premises, after authorization of the Bargello (a sort of a lord mayor, a magistrate and a police authority). The back shops ("retrobotteghe") that may be seen from upriver, were added in the seventeenth century.

It is said that the economic concept of bankruptcy originated here: when a merchant could not pay his debts, the table on which he sold his wares (the "banco") was physically broken ("rotto") by soldiers, and this practice was called "bancorotto" (broken table; possibly it can come from "banca rotta" which means "broken bank"). Not having a table anymore, the merchant was not able to sell anything.Fact|date=August 2008

During World War II, the Ponte Vecchio was not destroyed by Germans during their retreat of August 4, 1944, unlike all other bridges in Florence. ["Encyclopaedia Britannica" online, ' [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469701/Ponte-Vecchio Ponte Vecchio] '.] [cite book | first=Gene | last=Brucker | year=1983 | title=Renaissance Florence | publisher=University of California Press | id=ISBN 0520046951 | pages=8] This was allegedly because of an express order by Hitler. Access to Ponte Vecchio was, however, obstructed by the destruction of the buildings at both ends.

Vasari's Corridor

In order to connect the Palazzo Vecchio (Florence's town hall) with the Palazzo Pitti, in 1565 Cosimo I de Medici had Giorgio Vasari build the famous Vasari Corridor above it. To enforce the prestige of the bridge, in 1593 the Medici Grand Dukes prohibited butchers from selling there; their place was immediately taken by gold merchants. The corporative association of butchers had monopolised the shops on the bridge since 1442.

A stone with an inscription from Dante ("Paradiso" xvi. 140-7) records the spot at the entrance to the bridge where Buondelmonte de' Buondelmonti was murdered on behalf of the Amidei, in 1215, initiating the urban fighting of the Guelfs and Ghibellines.

Recent history

Along the Ponte Vecchio, there were many padlocks locked to various places, especially to the railing around the statue of Benvenuto Cellini [Sculpted by Raffaele Romanelli in 1900 (Touring Club Italiano, Firenze e dintorni 1964:321).] . This is a recent tradition for the Ponte Vecchio, although it has been practiced in Russia and in Asia before. It was perhaps introduced by the padlock shop owner at the end of the bridge. It is popularly connected to idea of love and lovers: by locking the padlock and throwing the key into the river, the lovers became eternally bonded. This is an example of the negative impact of mass tourism: thousands of padlocks needed to be removed frequently, spoiling or damaging the structure of the centuries-old bridge; however, it seems to have decreased after the city administration put a sign on the bridge mentioning a 50€ penalty for those caught locking something to the fence.

The bridge was severely damaged in the 1966 Flood of the River Arno in Florence. [ [http://expo.khi.fi.it/gallery/the-flood-of-1966/impressions-of-the-city/ponte-vecchio Ponte Vecchio] at web site of the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz]

Gallery

ee also

*Vasari Corridor

Notes

References

*Fletcher, Banister: "A History of Architecture" (London: The Butterworth Group, 1987, ISBN 0-408-01587-X) pp. 756-757
*Chiarugi, Andrea, 'Maintenance of the Ponte Vecchio historical bridge in Florence', in "Extending the Lifespan of Structures", Vol. 2 (San Francisco: IABSE Symposium Report, 1995) pp. 1479-1484
*Graf, Bernhard, "Bridges that Changed the World" (Munich, Germany: Prestel, 2002, ISBN 3791327011) pp. 38-39

External links

* [http://www.compart-multimedia.com/virtuale/us/florence/old_bridge.htm Ponte Vecchio, Florence] virtual reality movie and pictures
* [http://www.hotels-rome-italy-hotels.com/florence/ponte-vecchio/ Independent study of Ponte Vecchio with Pictures]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=ponte+vecchio&sll=43.767952,11.252865&sspn=0.004501,0.011759&ie=UTF8&ll=43.768056,11.253161&spn=0.002251,0.005879&t=h&z=18 Satellite image from Google Maps]
* [http://www.guesthouseinitaly.com/guesthouse-hotel-hostel-b&b/florence/florence_-_more_info_about.../ Info Firenze]
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* [http://numberonestars.com/travel/ponte_vecchio_florence.htm Ponte Vecchio, Florence]