Competence (law)

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In American law, competence concerns the mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal proceedings. Defendants that do not possess sufficient "competence" are usually excluded from criminal prosecution, while witnesses found not to possess requisite competence cannot testify. The English equivalent is fitness to plead.

United States

In United States law, this protection has been ruled by the United States Supreme Court to be guaranteed under the due process clause. If the court determines that a defendant's mental condition makes him unable to understand the proceedings, or that he is unable to help in his defense, he is found incompetent. The competency evaluation, as determined in Dusky v. United States, is whether the accused "has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding—and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him." Being determined incompetent is substantially different from undertaking an insanity defense; competence regards the defendant's state of mind at the time of the trial, while insanity regards his state of mind at the time of the crime. It has also been referred to as a "7:30 exam".

The word incompetent is also used to describe persons who lack mental capacity to make contracts, handle their financial and other personal matters such as consenting to medical treatment, etc. and need a legal guardian to handle their affairs.

In 2006, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit considered the legal standards for determining competence to stand trial and to waive counsel using the standards of objective unreasonableness under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act.^[1]

Competence to be executed

An inmate on death row has a right to be evaluated for competency by a psychologist to determine if sentence can be carried out. This is a result of Ford v. Wainwright, a case filed by a Florida inmate on death row who took his case to the United States Supreme Court, declaring he was not competent to be executed. The court ruled in his favor, stating that a forensic professional must make that competency evaluation and, if the inmate is found incompetent, must provide treatment to aid in his gaining competency so the execution can take place.^[2]

Competence and Native Americans

Competency was used to determine whether individual Indians could use land that was allotted to them from the General Allotment Act (GAA) also known as the Dawes Act. The practice was used after in 1906 with the passing of the Burk Act, also known as the forced patenting act. This Act further amended the GAA to give the Secretary of the Interior the power to issue allotees a patent in fee simple to people classified ‘competent and capable.’ The criteria for this determination is unclear but meant that allotees deemed ‘competent’ by the Secretary of the Interior would have their land taken out of trust status, subject to taxation, and could be sold by the allottee.

The Act of June 25, 1910 further amends the GAA to give the Secretary of the Interior the power to sell the land of deceased allotees or issue patent and fee to legal heirs. This decision is based on a determination made by the Secretary of Interior whether the legal heirs are ‘competent’ or ‘incompetent’ to manage their own affairs.

Competency case law

Adjudicative competence has been developed through a body of common law in the United States. The landmark cases are the following:^[3]

• Dusky v. United States (1960)
• Jackson v. Indiana (1972)
• Drope v. Missouri (1975)
• Ford v. Wainwright (1986)
• Godinez v. Moran (1993)
• Pate v. Robinson
• Estelle v. Smith (1981)
• Medina v. California (1992)
• Riggins v. Nevada (1992)
• Cooper v. Oklahoma (1996)
• Sell v. United States (2003)

Ruling reversal

Main article: Kenneth L. Curtis

In 1989, Kenneth Curtis of Stratford, Connecticut was initially found mentally incompetent to stand trial following the murder of his estranged girlfriend. But years later, as he had attended college and received good grades, this ruling was reversed, and he was ordered to stand trial.

See also

• Adjudicative competence
• Principle of conferral in the context of European Union law
• United States federal laws governing offenders with mental diseases or defects

Footnotes

1. ^ "Standards for Determination of Competence". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 2007. http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/35/3/386?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&minscore=5000&resourcetype=HWCIT. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
2. ^ "Ford v. Wainwright 477 U.S. 399". Cornell Law School. http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=Ford%20v.%20Wainwright&url=/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0477_0399_ZO.html. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 
3. ^ AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial – Mossman et al. 35 (4): S3 – Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. www.jaapl.org. http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/35/Supplement_4/S3?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=pervasive+&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=10&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT. Retrieved 2008-02-21.