Hausdorff moment problem

Hausdorff moment problem

In mathematics, the Hausdorff moment problem, named after Felix Hausdorff, asks for necessary and sufficient conditions that a given sequence { mn : n = 0, 1, 2, ... } be the sequence of moments

m_n  = \int_0^1 x^n\,d\mu(x)\,

of some Borel measure μ supported on the closed unit interval [0, 1]. In the case m0 = 1, this is equivalent to the existence of a random variable X supported on [0, 1], such that E Xn = mn.

The essential difference between this and other well-known moment problems is that this is on a bounded interval, whereas in the Stieltjes moment problem one considers a half-line [0, ∞), and in the Hamburger moment problem one considers the whole line (−∞, ∞).

In 1921, Hausdorff showed that { mn : n = 0, 1, 2, ... } is such a moment sequence if and only if the sequence is completely monotonic, i.e., its difference sequences satisfy the equation

(-1)^k(\Delta^k m)_n \geq 0

for all n,k ≤ 0. Here, Δ is the difference operator given by

m)n = mn + 1mn.

The necessity of this condition is easily seen by the identity

(-1)^k(\Delta^k m)_n = \int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^k d\mu(x),

which is ≥ 0, being the integral of an almost sure non-negative function. For example, it is necessary to have

\Delta^4 m_6 = m_6 - 4m_7 + 6m_8 - 4m_9 + m_{10} = \int x^6 (1-x)^4 d\mu(x) \geq 0.

See also

  • Total monotonicity

References

  • Hausdorff, F. "Summationsmethoden und Momentfolgen. I." Mathematische Zeitschrift 9, 74-109, 1921.
  • Hausdorff, F. "Summationsmethoden und Momentfolgen. II." Mathematische Zeitschrift 9, 280-299, 1921.
  • Feller, W. "An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications", volulme II, John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
  • Shohat, J.A.; Tamarkin, J. D. The Problem of Moments, American mathematical society, New York, 1943.

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