- Poverty Row
Poverty Row is a slang term used in
Hollywood from the late silent period through the mid-fifties to refer to a variety of small and mostly short-livedB movie studios. It did not refer to any specific physical location, but was instead a kind of catch-all, figurative term for these low-budget companies. The films of Poverty Row, many of them Westerns or series such as those featuring the Bowery Boys and detectives such asMr. Wong andCharlie Chan , are generally characterized by low budgets, casts made up of unknowns or former stars, and overall production values that emphasize the haste and economy with which they were made.While some Poverty Row studios came and quickly went after a few releases, others operated on more or less the same terms as— if vastly different scales from — larger studios such as
MGM ,Warner Brothers , andParamount Pictures .The most successful and longest-lived of such lower-tier companies operated much like the
major film studio s; they maintained permanent lots (and many standing sets that dedicated moviegoers could frequently recognize from movie to movie), had both cast and crew on long-term contract, and had a more varied output than smaller firms. Leading studios on Poverty Row included Republic, that began whenHerbert J. Yates combined six established poverty-row companies, Monogram, Mascot, Liberty, Majestic, Chesterfield, and Invincible with hisConsolidated Film Laboratories . Republic began by releasing serial shorts and Westerns withGene Autry before eventually embarking on more ambitious projects as "The Quiet Man " withJohn Wayne .Monogram Pictures soon left Republic then over several decades produced everything from college/teen musicals starring popular swing bands to versions of classics like "Oliver Twist " and the final films ofKay Francis .The smallest studios, including
Tiffany Pictures ,Sam Katzman 's Victory, Mascot and Chesterfield often packaged and released films from independent producers, British "quota quickie" films, or borderlineexploitation films such as "Hitler, Beast of Berlin " to supplement their own limited production capacity. Fact|date=September 2007 Sometimes the same producers would start a new studio when the old one failed, such asHarry S. Webb and Bernard B. Ray's Reliable Pictures and Metropolitan Pictures.Some organisations such as
Astor Pictures andRealart Pictures began by obtaining the rights to rerelease older films from other studios before producing their own films.The breakup of the
studio system (and its restrictive chain-theater distribution network, which left independent movie houses eager for seat-filling product from the Poverty Row studios) and the advent oftelevision are among the factors that led to the disappearance of "Poverty Row" as a concrete phenomenon. The kinds of films produced by Poverty Row studios only grew in popularity Fact|date=September 2007, but were increasingly available both from major production companies and from independent producers who no longer needed to rely on a studio's ability to package and release their work.However, the
United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. decision of 1948 that forced the major studios to divest their own cinema and theatre chains made a more level playing field so Columbia and Universal eventually became major studios in their own right.Comparison with other studios
References
*Fernett, Gene, "Hollywood's Poverty Row, 1930-1950", Coral Reef Publications, Inc., Satellite Beach, FL, 1973.
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