Jonathan Zittrain

Infobox_Person
name = Jonathan Zittrain

---

imagesize = 180px
caption =
birth_date = birth year and age|1969
birth_place =
spouse =
children =
nationality = American
alma_mater = Yale University, Harvard Law School, John F. Kennedy School of Government
employer = University of Oxford, Harvard University, New York University
occupation = Professor
website = http://futureoftheinternet.org/blog/
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/jzittrain

Jonathan L. Zittrain (born 1969) is an American professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School and a faculty co-director of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Previously, Zittrain was Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford and visiting professor at the New York University School of Law and Stanford Law School. He is the author, most recently, of "The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It"; and co-editor of the book "Access Denied."

Zittrain works in several intersections of the Internet with law and policy including intellectual property, censorship and filtering for content control and computer security. He founded an organization that develops classroom tools. Zittrain is considered to be a member of the digerati.

Family and education

Zittrain is the son of two attorneys, Ruth A. Zittrain and Lester E. Zittrain, who was the personal attorney of professional football star Joe Greene. In 2004 with Jennifer K. Harrison, Zittrain published "The Torts Game: Defending Mean Joe Greene", a book the authors dedicated to their parents. [cite book|author=Zittrain, Jonathan L. and Jennifer K. Harrison|title=The Torts Game: Defending Mean Joe Greene|url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/073554509X|publisher=Aspen Publishers via Amazon Online Reader|date=August 15 2004|isbn=0-73-554509-X|pages=xiv|accessdate=2008-04-18] Zittrain is sometimes referred to as "JZ". [cite web|title=The Future of the Internet - And How to Stop It|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/events/luncheon/2006/04/zittrain|publisher=Berkman Center|date=April 25 2006|accessdate=2008-04-19]

Zittrain graduated in 1987 from Shady Side Academy, a private school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. [cite web|title=School Calendar|publisher=Shady Side Academy|url=http://www.shadysideacademy.org/calendar/index.php?month=10&year=2007&PHPSESSID=372583a78|accessdate=2008-04-16] He holds a bachelor's "summa cum laude" in cognitive science and artificial intelligence from Yale University, 1991, a J.D. "magna cum laude" from Harvard Law School, 1995, and a master's in public administration from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1995. [cite web|title=Speaker Bio|url=http://www.mser.gov.bc.ca/privacyaccess/conferences/feb2005/Bios/Jonathan_Zittrain.htm|publisher=Province of British Columbia|accessdate=2008-04-16] cite web|title=Jonathan Zittrain|publisher=The Connecticut Forum|url=http://ctforum.org/popups/bio.asp?event_bio_image_id=2578|accessdate=2008-04-16]

He was law clerk for Stephen F. Williams of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and served with the U.S. Department of Justice and in 1991 with the Department of State and at the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in 1992 and 1994. [cite web|title=Zittrain to be intellectual property lecturer|url=http://www.case.edu/pubs/cnews/2002/2-28/zittrain.htm|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|accessdate=2008-04-16] A longtime sysop for an online service, Zittrain served as chief administrator for CompuServe's forum for its administrators.

Later career

Zittrain joined the staff of the University of Oxford in Oxford in the United Kingdom as of September 2005. He held the Chair in Internet Governance and Regulation, was a principal of the Oxford Internet Institute, and was a Professorial Fellow of Keble College, which has developed a particular interest in computer science and public policy.cite web|title=Professor Jonathan Zittrain|url=http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/faculty.cfm?id=3|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=2008-04-18] In the U.S., he was also the Jack N. & Lillian R. Berkman Visiting Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and director and founder with Charles Nesson of its Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Zittrain was a visiting professor at the Stanford Law School in 2007 [cite web|title=Faceoff: Lessig vs. Zittrain|url=http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/node/5625|publisher=Stanford Law School|accessdate=2008-04-28] and is a visiting professor at New York University School of Law in New York City for the spring 2008 semester.

Zittrain taught or taught with others Harvard's courses on "Cyberlaw: Internet Points of Control", "The Exploding Internet: Building A Global Commons in Cyberspace", "Torts", "Internet & Society: The Technologies and Politics of Control", "The Law of Cyberspace", "The Law of Cyberspace: Social Protocols", "Privacy Policy", "The Microsoft Case" and "The High Tech Entrepreneur". [cite web|title=All courses related to Jonathan Zittrain|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/views/courses-past/41|publisher=Berkman Center|accessdate=2008-04-18] He searched for novel ways to use technology unobtrusively in the classroom, founded H2Ocite news|title=Cyberlaw expert Jonathan Zittrain elected to University's first Chair of Internet Governance and Regulation|date=March 16 2005|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/0503zit.shtml|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=2008-04-18] at Harvard and used the system to teach his classes. Students are polled, assigned opposing arguments and use H2O to develop their writing skills. Students enrolled in his "The Internet and Society" class could participate both orally and via the Internet. A teaching fellow seated in the classroom supplied him with the email comments received from students in real time. [cite web|title=Casing the Future|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/09/casing-the-future.html|publisher=Harvard Magazine|date=September–October 2003|accessdate=2008-04-18]

He has been critical of the process used by ICANN, the International Telecommunication Union and the World Summit on the Information Society. [cite web|author=Zuckerman, Ethan|title=Jonathan Zittrain: The Future of the Internet... and How to Stop It|url=http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004364.html|date=April 27 2006|publisher=WorldChanging|accessdate=2008-04-19] Although he describes their approach as in some ways simple and even naive, Zittrain sees more hope in the open Internet Engineering Task Force model and in the ethical code and assumption of good faith that govern Wikipedia.cite web|author=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia, in The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It|url=http://yupnet.org/zittrain/archives/16|publisher=Yale Books Unbound, Yale University Press|accessdate=2008-04-19] He wrote in 2008, "Wikipedia—with the cooperation of many Wikipedians—has developed a system of self-governance that has many indicia of the rule of law without heavy reliance on outside authority or boundary."

Internet filtering

The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) monitors Internet censorship by national governments. Between 2001 and 2003 at Harvard's Berkman Center, Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman studied Internet filtering. In their tests during 2002, when Google had indexed almost 2.5 billion pages, they found sites blocked, from approximately 100 in France and Germany to 2,000 in Saudi Arabia and 20,000 in China. The authors published a statement of issues and a call for data that year. [cite web|author=Zittrain, Jonathan and Edelman, Benjamin|title=Documentation of Internet Filtering Worldwide|date=October 24 2003|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/|accessdate-04-17 and cite web|author=Zittrain, Jonathan and Edelman, Benjamin|title=Localized Google search result exclusions|date=October 26 2002|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/google/|accessdate=2008-04-17] Zittrain and his students co-founded Chilling Effects, a site that monitors cease and desist letters. When its search results have been altered at the request of a national government, Google directs its users there.cite web|title=Jonathan Zittrain|url=http://en.oreilly.com/webexsf2008/public/schedule/speaker/11436|publisher=TechWeb and O'Reilly Media|accessdate=2008-04-21]

Building on the work done at the Berkman Center, ONI published special reports, case studies and bulletins beginning in 2004, [cite web|title=Reports|url=http://opennet.net/reports|publisher=The OpenNet Initiative|accessdate=2008-04-17] and as of 2008, offered research on filtering in 40 countries as well as by region of the world. [cite web|title=Research|url=http://opennet.net/research|publisher=The OpenNet Initiative|accessdate=2008-04-17] Today at ONI, with Ronald Deibert of the University of Toronto, John Palfrey who is the executive director of the Berkman Center, and Rafal Rohozinski of the University of Cambridge, Zittrain is a principal investigator. [cite web|title=About ONI|publisher=The OpenNet Initiative|url=http://opennet.net/about|accessdate=2008-04-17]

Copyright

On October 9 2002, Zittrain and Lawrence Lessig argued a landmark case known as "Eldred v. Ashcroft" before the United States Supreme Court. As co-counsels for the plaintiff, they believed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) was excessive. [cite news|author=Maytal, Anat|title=Professor To Present Case to Supreme Court|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=161807|date=February 21 2002|publisher=The Harvard Crimson|accessdate=2008-04-18] The court ruled 7–2 on January 15 2003 to extend existing copyrights 20 years, from the life of the author plus 50 years to plus 70 years. In the words of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the petitioners did "not challenge the CTEA's 'life-plus-70-years' time span itself. They maintain that Congress went awry not with respect to newly created works, but in enlarging the term for published works with existing copyrights." The court found that the act did "not exceed Congress' power" and that "CTEA's extension of existing and future copyrights does not violate the First Amendment". [cite web|title=ELDRED V. ASHCROFT (01-618) 537 U.S. 186 (2003) |url=http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/01-618.ZS.html|publisher=Supreme Court collection of Cornell Law School|accessdate=2008-04-18] Zittrain said in 2003 he was concerned that Congress will hear the same arguments after the 20-year extension passes, and that the Internet is causing a "cultural reassessment of the meaning of copyright". [cite news|title=The Year of the Copyright|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2003/spring/bf_01.html|work=Harvard Law Bulletin|publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College|date=Spring 2003|accessdate=2008-04-18]

In 2005, with Palfrey and William W. Fisher of Harvard, Zittrain filed an amicus brief in "MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd." [cite web|author=Fisher, William W. III, John G. Palfrey Jr., Jonathan Zittrain|title=Brief of Amici Curiae Internet Law Faculty in Support of Respondents (No. 04-480)|url=http://w2.eff.org/IP/P2P/MGM_v_Grokster/20050301_internet_law_profs.pdf|date=March 1 2005|format=PDF|publisher=U.S. Supreme Court via Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=2008-04-18] Twenty-eight entertainment companies lost their case when the Supreme Court ruled on June 23 2005 that StreamCast Networks -- the makers of Morpheus, Grokster, and KaZaA, were not liable for copyright infringements "that may be committed by end-users of the tool".cite web|title=MGM v. Grokster|url=http://w2.eff.org/IP/P2P/MGM_v_Grokster/|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=2008-04-18] Fred von Lohmann, senior staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) who defended StreamCast, published follow up material as did the EFF. [cite web|author=von Lohmann, Fred|title=Remedying 'Grokster'|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1122023112436|date=July 25 2005|publisher=ALM via Law.com|accessdate=2008-04-18]

ecurity

After Zittrain joined the staff at Oxford, Oxford and the Berkman Center founded StopBadware.org in 2006 to function as a clearinghouse for what has become proliferation of malware.cite book|author=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=The Future of the Internet--And How to Stop It|date=April 14 2008|publisher=Yale University Press|pages=159–161|isbn=0-300124-87-2] Borrowing Wikipedia's "ethical code that encourages users to do the right thing rather than the required thing", [cite news|author=Anthes, Gary|title=The end of the Internet as we know it? Jonathan Zittrain fears the worst|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=314935|work=Computerworld|publisher=International Data Group|date=April 7 2008|accessdate=2008-04-16] the organization wished to assign the task of data collection—and not analysis—about malware to Internet users at large. When its scans find dangerous code, Google places StopBadware alerts in its search results and rescans later to determine whether a site had been cleaned. [cite web|title=StopBadware.org Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.stopbadware.org/home/faq|publisher=StopBadware.org|accessdate=2008-04-16]

One of StopBadware's goals is to "preempt" the stifling of the Internet. [cite news|author=Talbot, David|title=Q&A: Jonathan Zittrain|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech/wtr_16458,258,p1.html|work=Technology Review|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|date=March 2006|accessdate=2008-04-17] The founders think that centralized regulation could follow a serious Internet security breach, and that consumers might then choose to purchase closed, centrally managed solutions like tethered appliances that are modified by their vendor rather than owner, or might flee to services in walled gardens. In Zittrain's word, "generative" devices and platforms, including the Internet itself, offer an opening forward.cite news|first=Carolyn|last= Duffy Marsan|title= How the iPhone is killing the 'Net|url= http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/040908-zittrain.html|work= Network World|publisher= IDG|date= April 9 2008|accessdate= 2008-04-17] In 2007, he said, "...we're moving to software-as-service, which can be yanked or transformed at any moment. The ability of your PC to run independent code is an important safety valve." [cite journal|author=Graves, Lucas|title=End-Time for the Internet|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.01/start.html?pg=15|date=January 2007|journal=Wired|issue=15.01|pages=15|format=HTML|publisher=CondéNet|accessdate=2008-04-18]

Reactions in the "Boston Review" accompanied the publication of "The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It" in 2008. Support came from David D. Clark and Susan Crawford. Criticism ranged from Richard Stallman's finding no evidence of a flight to closed systems and his message that software developers need control and software patents must end, [cite journal|author=Stallman, Richard|title=‘The root of this problem is software controlled by its developer’|url=http://bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php|journal=Boston Review|volume=33|issue=2|date=March/April 2008|accessdate=2008-04-21] to a request for cost-benefit analysis [cite journal|author=Owen, Bruce M.|title=‘As long as flexibility has value to users, suppliers will have incentives to offer it’|url=http://bostonreview.net/BR33.2/owen.php|journal=Boston Review|volume=33|issue=2|date=March/April 2008|accessdate=2008-04-21] to the belief that netizenship won't scale to the business world [cite journal|author=Grimes, Roger A.|title=‘Fixing Web insecurity requires more than a caring community’|url=http://bostonreview.net/BR33.2/grimes.php|date=March/April 2008|accessdate=2008-04-21] to faith that consumers will buy only open, non-proprietary systems. [cite journal|author=Varian, Hal|title=‘Ultimately, the best protection is an informed buyer who demands openness’|url=http://bostonreview.net/BR33.2/varian.php|journal=Boston Review|volume=33|issue=2|date=March/April 2008|accessdate=2008-04-21]

Directed by Palfrey and Zittrain, StopBadware receives high-level guidance from its advisory board: Vint Cerf of Google, Esther Dyson, George He of Lenovo, Greg Papadopoulos of Sun Microsystems and Ari Schwartz of the Center for Democracy and Technology. The working group of Ben Adida, Scott Bradner, Beau Brendler, Jerry Gregoire, Eric L. Howes and Nart Villeneuve frames the project's research agenda and methodology and is the body who informs the public about StopBadware's work. [cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.stopbadware.org/home/about|publisher=StopBadware.org|accessdate=2008-04-17] StopBadware is supported by AOL, Google, eBay/PayPal, Lenovo, Trend Micro and VeriSign and is advised by Consumer Reports WebWatch. [cite press release|title=StopBadware celebrates second anniversary; adds two new sponsors|date=February 26 2008|url=http://www.stopbadware.org/pdfs/Stopbadware_Anniversary_Press_Release022608.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=StopBadware.org|accessdate=2008-04-18]

tock markets and spam

Writing with Laura Freider of Purdue University, Zittrain published "Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity" to document the manipulation of stock prices via spam email. They found evidence that "stocks experience a significantly positive return on days prior to heavy touting via spam" and that "prolific spamming greatly affects the trading volume of a targeted stock". Apart from transaction costs, the spammer in some circumstances earned over 4% while the average investor who bought on the day of receipt of the spam would lose more than 5% if they sold two days later. [cite web|author=Frieder, Laura and Zittrain, Jonathan|title=Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity|date=March 14 2007|publisher=Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2006-11|url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=920553|accessdate=2008-04-18] Frieder said in 2006 that she knew of no other explanation for their results but that people do follow the stock tips in their spam email.cite news|author=Hulbert, Mark|title=Stock Tips From Spam Aren't Just Silly. They're Costly.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/10/business/yourmoney/10stra.html|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=September 10 2006|accessdate=2008-04-19]

Recent publications

*cite book|author=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It|publisher=Yale University Press|date=April 14, 2008|isbn=0-30-012487-2

*cite book|author=Deibert, Ronald J., John G. Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, Jonathan Zittrain (Eds.)|title=Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering|publisher=MIT Press|date=February 29, 2008|isbn=0-26-254196-3

*cite paper|author=Frieder, Laura and Zittrain, Jonathan|title=Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity|date=March 14, 2007|publisher=Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2006-11| url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=920553|accessdate=2008-04-17

*cite journal|author=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=Searches and Seizures in a Networked World|url=http://www.harvardlawreview.org/forum/issues/119/dec05/zittrain05.shtml|journal=Harvard Law Review Forum|date=2006|volume=83|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|accessdate=2008-04-20

*cite journal|author=Zittrain, Jonathan L.|title=The Generative Internet|url=http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/119/may06/zittrain.shtml|journal=Harvard Law Review|date=May 2006|volume=119|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|accessdate=2008-04-20|pages=1974

*cite journal|author=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=A History of Online Gatekeeping|journal=Harvard Journal of Law and Technology|publisher=Harvard Law School|volume=19|issue=2|date=Spring 2006|url=http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v19/19HarvJLTech253.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-04-20|pages=253

*cite journal|author=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=Normative Principles for Evaluating Free and Proprietary Software|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=529862|journal=University of Chicago Law Review|date=Winter 2004|volume=71|issue=1|publisher=The University of Chicago Law School via SSRN|accessdate=2008-04-20

Notes

External links

Home pages
*cite web|title=Jonathan Zittrain|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/jzittrain|publisher=Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School|accessdate=2008-04-20
*cite web|title=Jonathan Zittrain|url=http://its.law.nyu.edu/faculty/profiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=cv.main&personID=29494|publisher=New York University School of Law|accessdate=2008-04-20
*cite web|title=Jonathan Zittrain: About|url=http://people.oii.ox.ac.uk/z/about|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=2008-04-18

Blog
*cite web|title=The Future of the Internet — And How to Stop It|url=http://futureoftheinternet.org/blog/|publisher=Jonathan Zittrain|accessdate=2008-06-13

Books online
*cite web|author=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It|url=http://yupnet.org/zittrain/|publisher=Yale Books Unbound, Yale University Press|accessdate=2008-04-20
*cite web|author=Deibert, Ronald J., John G. Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski and Jonathan Zittrain (Eds.)|title=Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (sample chapters)|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11329&mode=toc|date=February 2008|isbn=0-262-54196-3|publisher=The MIT Press|accessdate=2008-04-20

Projects
*cite web|title=Berkman Center For Internet & Society|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/|publisher=Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School|accessdate=2008-04-18
*cite web|title=Chilling Effects Clearinghouse|url=http://www.chillingeffects.org/|accessdate=2008-04-18
*cite web|title=H2O Project|url=http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/|publisher=Harvard Law School|accessdate=2008-04-18
*cite web|title=The OpenNet Initiative|url=http://opennet.net/|publisher=opennet.net, formerly opennetinitiative.net| accessdate=2008-04-18
*cite web|title=StopBadware.org|url=http://www.stopbadware.org/|accessdate=2008-04-18

Audio and video
*cite video|people=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=CyberSafety Conference 2005: The Secure Future of the Internet & How to Stop It|url=http://webcast.oii.ox.ac.uk/?view=Webcast&ID=20050927_89|date2=2005-09-27|medium=RealVideo|publisher=Oxford Internet Institute|accessdate=2008-04-18 - Zittrain's first talk at Oxford
*cite video|people=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=Internet Governance and Regulation: The Future of the Internet - and How to Stop It|medium=RealVideo|publisher=Oxford Internet Institute|url=http://webcast.oii.ox.ac.uk/?view=Webcast&ID=20060411_141|date2=2006-04-25|accessdate=2008-04-16 – Zittrain's inaugural lecture for Oxford
*cite video|people=Palfrey, John, Nart Villeneuve and Jonathan Zittrain (Mike Deehan, producer)|title=Berkman Book Release: Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/interactive/events/2008/03/access_denied|medium=video/audio|publisher=Berkman Center, The President and Fellows of Harvard College|date2=2008-03-13|accessdate=2008-04-18
*cite video|people=Zittrain, Jonathan|title=The Future of the Internet - and How to Stop It|medium=Flash,mp4,RealVideo,3gp|publisher=Internet Society - NY Chapter|url=http://www.isoc-ny.org/?p=195|date2=2008-04-11|accessdate=2008-04-21 - Book talk @ Tribeca Grand NYC.
*cite video|people=Zittrain, Jonathan (Mike Deehan, producer)|title=Berkman Book Release: The Future of the Internet - And How to Stop It|location=Cambridge, MA, USA|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/interactive/events/2008/04/zittrain|medium=video/audio|publisher=Berkman Center, The President and Fellows of Harvard College|date2=2008-04-17|accessdate=2008-04-21

Persondata
NAME = Zittrain, Jonathan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
SHORT DESCRIPTION = American law professor
DATE OF BIRTH = 1969
PLACE OF BIRTH =
DATE OF DEATH =
PLACE OF DEATH =