Wandering set

In those branches of mathematics called dynamical systems and ergodic theory, the concept of a wandering set formalizes a certain idea of movement and mixing in such systems. When a dynamical system has a wandering set of non-zero measure, then the system is a dissipative system. This is very much the opposite of a conservative system, for which the ideas of the Poincaré recurrence theorem apply. Intuitively, the connection between wandering sets and dissipation is easily understood: if a portion of the phase space "wanders away" during normal time-evolution of the system, and is never visited again, then the system is dissipative. The language of wandering sets can be used to give a precise, mathematical definition to the concept of a dissipative system. The notion of wandering sets in phase space was introduced by Birkhoff in 1927^{[citation needed]}.

Wandering points

A common, discrete-time definition of wandering sets starts with a map $f:X\to X$ of a topological space X. A point $x\in X$ is said to be a wandering point if there is a neighbourhood U of x and a positive integer N such that for all n > N, the iterated map is non-intersecting:

$f^n(U) \cap U = \varnothing.\,$

A handier definition requires only that the intersection have measure zero. To be precise, the definition requires that X be a measure space, i.e. part of a triple (X,Σ,μ) of Borel sets Σ and a measure μ such that

$\mu\left(f^n(U) \cap U \right) = 0.\,$

Similarly, a continuous-time system will have a map $\varphi_t:X\to X$ defining the time evolution or flow of the system, with the time-evolution operator φ being a one-parameter continuous abelian group action on X:

$\varphi_{t+s} = \varphi_t \circ \varphi_s.\,$

In such a case, a wandering point $x\in X$ will have a neighbourhood U of x and a time T such that for all times t > T, the time-evolved map is of measure zero:

$\mu\left(\varphi_t(U) \cap U \right) = 0.\,$

These simpler definitions may be fully generalized to a general group action. Let Ω = (X,Σ,μ) be a measure space, that is, a set with a measure defined on its Borel subsets. Let Γ be a group acting on that set. Given a point $x \in \Omega$, the set

$\{\gamma \cdot x : \gamma \in \Gamma\}$

is called the trajectory or orbit of the point x.

An element $x \in \Omega$ is called a wandering point if there exists a neighborhood U of x and a neighborhood V of the identity in Γ such that

$\mu\left(\gamma \cdot U \cap U\right)=0$

for all $\gamma \in \Gamma-V$.

Non-wandering points

The definition for a non-wandering point is in a sense the converse. In the discrete case, $x\in X$ is non-wandering if, for every open set U containing x, one has that

$\mu\left(f^n(U)\cap U \right) > 0\,$

for some $n \ge N$ and any $N \ge 1$ arbitrarily large. Similar definitions follow for the continuous-time and discrete and continuous group actions.

Wandering sets and dissipative systems

A wandering set is a collection of wandering points. More precisely, a subset W of Ω is a wandering set under the action of a discrete group Γ if W is measurable and if, for any $\gamma \in \Gamma - \{e\}$ the intersection

$\gamma W \cap W\,$

is a set of measure zero.

The concept of a wandering set is in a sense dual to the ideas expressed in the Poincaré recurrence theorem. If there exists a wandering set of positive measure, then the action of Γ is said to be dissipative, and the dynamical system (Ω,Γ) is said to be a dissipative system. If there is no such wandering set, the action is said to be conservative, and the system is a conservative system. For example, any system for which the Poincaré recurrence theorem holds cannot have, by definition, a wandering set of positive measure; and is thus an example of a conservative system.

Define the trajectory of a wandering set W as

$W^* = \cup_{\gamma \in \Gamma} \;\; \gamma W.$

The action of Γ is said to be completely dissipative if there exists a wandering set W of positive measure, such that the orbit W ^* is almost-everywhere equal to Ω, that is, if

$\Omega - W^*\,$

is a set of measure zero.

See also

• No wandering domain theorem

References

• Nicholls, Peter J. (1989). The Ergodic Theory of Discrete Groups. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37674-2.