Stratonikeia

Stratonikeia (Greek: Στρατoνικεια or Στρατoνικη; or per Stephanus of Byzantium: Στρατονίκεια) – also transliterated as Stratonicea, Stratoniceia , Stratoniki, and Stratonike and Stratonice; earlier Idrias and Chrysaoris; and for a time Hadrianopolis – was one of the most important towns in the interior of Caria, Anatolia, situated on the east-southeast of Mylasa, and on the south of the river Marsyas; its site is now located at the present village of Eskihisar, Muğla Province, Turkey. It is situated at a distance of 1 kilometer from the intercity road that connects the district center of Yatağan with Bodrum and Milas, shortly before Yatağan Power Plant if one has taken departure from the latter towns.

According to Strabo, it was founded by the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (281–261 BC), who named it after his wife Stratonice. rf|1|strab_14.2_steph Or at least this is what has been generally told; some historians have contested this date as too early, and proposed to consider the city's founder Stratonice's son, Antiochus II Theos, or, later still, Antiochus III the Great.

What seems certain is that the city was founded on the site of an old Carian town, Idrias, anciently called Chrysaorisrf|2|paus_5.21.10, said to be the first town funded by the Lycians. Later it passed under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. According to Athens' tribute "assessment" of 425 BC Idrias was supposed to be responsible for the payment of the considerable sum of six talents. Like many other non-Greek cities on the 425 BC assessment Idrias is never recorded actually paying any tribute to Athensrf|9|merrit and was never a member of the Delian League. In early Seleucid times, Stratonikeia was a member of the Chrysaorian League, a confederation of Carian towns. The Stratonikeians, though not of Carian originFact|date=July 2008, were admitted into the confederacy, because they possessed certain small towns or villages, which formed part of it. The league is attested by an inscription already in 267 BC, but was probably older still. Near the town was the temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus, at which the League's assembly met; at these meetings the several city-states had votes in proportion to the number of towns they possessed.

Under the succeeding Seleucid kings Stratonikeia was adorned with splendid and costly buildings. At a later time in the 3rd century BC was ceded to the Rhodians. rf|3|livy_33.18_30_poly_30.22 Rhodes seems to have then temporarily lost it, possibly during Macedon's king Philip V Carian campaign (201–198 BC), but it retook control of the place in 197 BC, keeping it until 167 BC when with the whole of Caria it was declared free by the Roman Republic. From this point starts the city's independent coinage, which was to last until the times of the emperor Gallienus (253–268). In 130 BC the city had a central role in the revolt led against the Romans, since here the self-proclaimed king Aristonicus made a last stand before falling in the hands of his enemies with the fall of the city.

Some time after, in 88 BC, Mithridates VI of Pontus (120–63 BC), after imposing a fine and a garrison on the city, resided for some time at Stratonikeia, and married Monima, the daughter of Philopoemen, one of its principal citizens.rf|4|app_21 Then came in 40 BC the siege sustained against Quintus Labienus and his Parthian troops, and the brave resistance it offered to him entitled it to the gratitude of Augustus and the Senate.rf|5|tac_3.62_dio_48.26 The emperor Hadrian is said to have taken this town under his special protection, and to have changed its name into "Hadrianopolis", a name, however, which may (also) refer to another town also called Stratonikeia. Plinyrf|6|pliny_5.29 enumerates it among free cities in Anatolia. Menippus, according to Cicerorf|7|cic_91 one of the most distinguished orators of his time, was a native of Stratonikeia.

Under the Roman Empire, the town seems to have continued in its prosperity: it was in this age that were built Stratonikeia's most impressive remains, first of all the theatre, with the seats remaining, estimated to be able to contain no fewer than ten thousand people; and secondly, the Serapeum, or a temple dedicated to the cult of Serapis, built about 200 CE, full of inscriptions and invocations to the gods. Other important ruins are on the acropolis, surrounded by a wall and crowned by a small temple dedicated to the cult of the emperors, and a powerful fortress. Much worse is the state of conservation of the city walls and its agora, while the location of the temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus is still unknown.

It was Christianized early. The "Notitiae Episcopatuum" mention the see up to the thirteenth century among the suffragans of Stauropolis. Only three of its bishops are known, by their signatures at councils: Eupeithus, at the Council of Chalcedon (451); Theopemptus, at the Council of Constantinople (692); and Gregory, at the Council of Nicaea (787). Stratonikeia remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church, Latinized as "Stratonicensis in Caria"; the seat has been vacant since the death of the last bishop in 1977.rf|8|cath_hier

The city's site is today partly occupied by the Turkish village of Eskihisar, and part of the site's necropolis (allegedly of modest scientific significance) has vanished with the opening of a pit to extract the lignite reserves that feed the nearby Yatağan power plant. The pit is proposed to be transformed into a lake in the coming years, once the reserves there are exhausted. The village has a local museum, which contains mostly Roman remains; but the most remarkable object is a Mycenaean stirrup-cup of buff with horizontal red stripes which is dated to the 12th or 11th century BC. All the exhibits were found locally.

Notes

ent|1|strab_14.2_steph Strabo, "Geography", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198&query=14%3A2%3A25&chunk=section xiv. 2] ; Stephanus of Byzantium, "Ethnica", s.v. "Stratoníkeia" ent|2|paus_5.21.10 Pausanias, "Description of Greece", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160&query=5%3A21%3A10&chunk=section v. 21] ent|3|livy_33.18_30_poly_30.22 Livy, "Ab urbe condita", [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv5His.sgm&
] , [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv5His.sgm&
] ; Polybius, "Histories", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+30.22 xxx. 22] ent|4|app_21 Appian, "The Foreign Wars", "The Mithridatic Wars", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0230&query=Mith.%3A3%3A21&chunk=section 21] ent|5|tac_3.62_dio_48.26 Tacitus, "Annals", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+3.62 iii. 62] ; Dio Cassius, "Roman History", [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48*.html#26 xlviii. 26] ent|6|pliny_5.29 Pliny, "Naturalis Historia", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+5.29 v. 29] ent|7|cic_91 Cicero, "Brutus", [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9776 91] ent|8|cath_hier Catholic-Hierarchy.org, [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d3s63.html "Stratonicea"] ent|9|merrit Benjamin D. Merrit, The Athenian Tribute Lists

References

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14315a.htm "Stratonicea"] from the "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1913)
*Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister (editors); " [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006&layout=&loc=&query=toc The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites] ", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006&layout=&loc=stratonikeia "Stratonikeia"] , Princeton, (1976)
*Smith, William (editor); "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064&layout=&loc=stratoniceia-geo "Stratoniceia"] , London, (1854)
*Blue Guide, Turkey, The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts (ISBN 0-393-30489-2), pp. 346-47.

External links

* [http://www.stratonikeia.com The website for the ongoing Stratonikeia excavations conducted by Prof.Dr. M.C.Şahin (also in English)]
* [http://www.bodrumpages.com/English Bodrum Pages] , [http://www.bodrumpages.com/English/stratoniceia.html "Stratoniceia"]
* [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0328.html Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, p. 326] ----