Oops-Leon

A plot counting the rate of production of electron–positron pairs as a function of invariant mass (in GeV). The apparent peak around 6 GeV was initially identified as a new particle,^[1] but named Oops-Leon when it turned out not to exist.

Oops-Leon is the name given by particle physicists to what was thought to be a new subatomic particle "discovered" at Fermilab in 1976. The E288 collaboration, a group of physicists led by Leon Lederman who worked on the E288 particle detector, announced that a particle with a mass of about 6.0 GeV, which decayed into an electron and a positron, was being produced by the Fermilab particle accelerator.^[1] The particle's initial name was the greek letter Upsilon ($\Upsilon\,$). After taking further data, the group discovered that this particle did not actually exist, and the "discovery" was named "Oops-Leon" as a pun on the original name (mispronounced /ˈjuːpsɨlɒn/) and the first name of the E288 collaboration leader.^[2]

The original publication was based on an apparent peak (resonance) in a histogram of the invariant mass of electron-positron pairs produced by protons colliding with a stationary beryllium target, implying the existence of a particle with a mass of 6 GeV which was being produced and decaying into two leptons. An analysis showed that there was "less than one chance in fifty" that the apparent resonance was simply the result of a coincidence.^[1] Subsequent data collected by the same experiment in 1977 revealed that the resonance had been such a coincidence after all.^[2] However, a new resonance at 9.5 GeV was discovered using the same basic logic and greater statistical certainty,^[3] and the name was reused (see Upsilon particle).

Today's commonly accepted standard for announcing the discovery of a particle is that the number of observed events is 5 standard deviations (σ) above the expected level of the background.^[4] Since for a normal distribution of data, the measured number of events will fall within 5σ over 99.9999% of the time, this means a less than one in a million chance that the apparent resonance would be caused by a statistical fluctuation. Using this standard, the Oops-Leon "discovery" would never have been published.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} D.C. Hom et al. (1976). "Observation of High Mass Dilepton Pairs in Hadron Collisions at 400 GeV". Physical Review Letters 36: 1236–1239. Bibcode 1976PhRvL..36.1236H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.36.1236. http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1976/pub/Pub-76-019-E.pdf. 
2. ^ ^{a b} J. Yoh (1998). "The Discovery of the b Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story". AIP Conference Proceedings 424: 29–42. http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1997/conf/Conf-97-432-E.pdf. 
3. ^ D.C. Hom et al. (1977). "Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 Gev in 400-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions". Physical Review Letters 39: 252–255. Bibcode 1977PhRvL..39..252H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252. http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1977/pub/Pub-77-058-E.pdf. 
4. ^ C. Seife (2000). "Scientific Priority: CERN's Gamble Shows Perils, Rewards of Playing the Odds". Science 289 (5488): 2260–2262. doi:10.1126/science.289.5488.2260.