USS Utah (BB-31)

Infobox_nrhp2 | name =UTAH, USS (Battleship) (Shipwreck)
nhl = yes


caption =
location= Ford Island, Honolulu, Hawaii [ [http://www.nr.nps.gov/writeups/89001084.nl.pdf NHL Summary Doc] ]
lat_degrees = 21
lat_minutes = 22
lat_seconds = 18
lat_direction = N
long_degrees = 157
long_minutes = 57
long_seconds = 55
long_direction = W
locmapin =
area =
built =1914
architect= New York Shipbuilding Company
architecture=
added = 5 May 1989cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2008-04-15|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service]
designated_nhl = 5 May 1989cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2057&ResourceType=Structure NHL
title=UTAH, USS (Battleship) (Shipwreck) |accessdate=2008-07-03|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service]
governing_body = United States Navy
refnum=89001084

USS "Utah" (BB-31), also known as USS "Utah" (battleship, shipwreck), was an aging battleship that was attacked and sunk in Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. A "Florida"-class dreadnought battleship, she was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the U.S. state of Utah. Prior to that time she had declined in usefulness and had even served for a while as a mobile target for gunnery practice, being redesignated AG-16. In 1941, however, she had been refitted and was in use for training purposes when sunk by a torpedo in the Japanese attack.

Construction

Her keel was laid down on 9 March 1909 at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 23 December 1909 and commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 31 August 1911 with Captain William S. Benson in command.

1911 – 1917

After a shakedown cruise that took her to Hampton Roads, Santa Rosa Island, and Pensacola, Florida; Galveston, Texas; Kingston, Jamaica and Portland Bight; and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, "Utah" was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in March 1912. She operated with the Fleet early that spring, conducting exercises in gunnery and torpedo defense, before she entered the New York Navy Yard on 16 April for an overhaul.

Departing from New York on 1 June, "Utah" briefly visited Hampton Roads and then steamed to Annapolis, Maryland where she arrived on 6 June. There, she embarked United States Naval Academy midshipmen and got underway on 10 June for the Virginia Capes and the open Atlantic. She conducted a midshipmen training cruise off the New England seaboard well into the summer before disembarking her contingent of officers-to-be back at Annapolis on 24 August and 25 August. Soon thereafter, the battleship headed for the Southern Drill Grounds to conduct gunnery exercises.

For a little over two years, the dreadnought maintained that schedule of operations off the eastern seaboard, ranging from the New England coast to Cuban waters. During that time, she made one cruise to European waters, visiting Villefranche, France, from 8 November to 30 November 1918.

"Utah" began the year 1914 at the New York Navy Yard and sailed south on 5 January. After stopping at Hampton Roads, she reached Cuban waters later in the month for torpedo and small arms exercises. However, due to tension in Mexico, "Utah" sailed for Mexican waters in early February and reached Vera Cruz on 16 February. She operated off that port until getting underway for Tampico on 9 April with several hundred refugees embarked. Soon thereafter, it was learned that a German steamship, SS "Ypiranga", was bound for Vera Cruz with a shipment of arms and munitions earmarked for the dictator Victoriano Huerta. "Utah" received orders to search for the ship, put to sea and reached Vera Cruz on 16 April. When it appeared that the shipment might be landed, the Navy took steps to take the customs house at Vera Cruz and stop the delivery. Accordingly, plans were drawn up for a landing at Vera Cruz, to commence on 21 April 1914.

"Utah" consequently landed her "battalion"—17 officers and 367 sailors under the command of Lieutenant Guy W. S. Castle—as well as her Marine detachment, which formed part of the improvised "First Marine Brigade", made up of detachments of marines from the other ships that had arrived to show American determination. In the ensuing fighting, in which the men of "Utah"'s bluejacket battalion distinguished themselves, seven won Medals of Honor: Lieutenant Castle, the battalion commander; company commanders Ensign Oscar C. Badger II and Ensign Paul F. Foster; section leaders, Chief Turret Captains Niels Drustrup and Abraham Desomer; Chief Gunner George Bradley; and Boatswain's Mate Henry N. Nickerson.

"Utah" remained at Vera Cruz for almost two months before returning north to the New York Navy Yard in late June for an overhaul. Over the next three years, the battleship operated on a regular routine of battle practices and exercises from off the eastern seaboard into the Caribbean, as the United States readied its forces for the possible entry of the United States into World War I.

World War I

After the United States finally declared war on 6 April 1917, "Utah" operated in the waters of the Chesapeake Bay as an engineering and gunnery training ship and continued that duty until 30 August 1918, when she sailed for Bantry Bay with Vice Admiral Henry T. Mayo, Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, embarked.

Fears of possible attacks by German heavy units upon the large convoys crossing the Atlantic with troops and munitions for the western front prompted the dispatch, to European waters, of a powerful force of American dreadnoughts to Irish waters. As part of that movement, "Utah" reached Brerehaven, Bantry Bay, Ireland, on 10 September. There, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Thomas S. Rodgers, Commander, Battleship Division Six. Until the signing of the armistice on 11 November 1918, "Utah", along with "Nevada" and "Oklahoma" operated from Bantry Bay, covering the Allied convoys approaching the British Isles, ready to deal with any surface threat that the Kaiserliche Marine could hurl at the valuable transports and supply ships.

After the cessation of hostilities, "Utah" visited the Isle of Portland in the United Kingdom, and later served as part of the honor escort for the transport "George Washington" (Id. No. 3018), as that ship bore President of the United States Woodrow Wilson into the harbor of Brest, France, on 13 December 1918. The following day, "Utah" turned homeward and reached New York on Christmas Day 1918.

1919–1931

"Utah" remained at anchor in the North River off New York City until 30 January 1919. During that time, she half-masted her colors at 14:40 on 7 January due to the death of former President Theodore Roosevelt and, on 8 January, fired salutes at half-hour intervals throughout the day in memory of the great American statesman.

"Utah" carried out a regular routine of battle practices and maneuvers, ranging from the New England coast to the Caribbean, into mid-1921. During that time, she was classified as BB-31 on 17 July 1920, during the Navy-wide assignment of hull classification symbols. (Prior to that, she was designated "Battleship Number 31".)

Ultimately departing from Boston on 9 July 1921, "Utah" proceeded via Lisbon, Portugal, and reached Cherbourg, France, soon thereafter. There, "Utah" became the flagship for the United States naval forces in European waters. She "showed the flag" at the principal Atlantic coast ports of Europe and in the Mediterranean until relieved by "Pittsburgh" in October 1922.

Returning to the United States on 21 October 1922, "Utah" then became the flagship of Battleship Division (BatDiv) 6, United States Scouting Fleet and operated with the Scouting Fleet over the next three and one-half years.

Late in 1924, "Utah" was chosen to carry the United States diplomatic mission to the centennial celebration of the Battle of Ayacucho (9 December 1824), the decisive action in the Peruvian struggle for independence. Designated as flagship for the special squadron assigned to represent the United States at the festivities, "Utah" departed from New York City on 22 November 1924 with General of the Armies John J. Pershing, USA, and former congressman, the Honorable F. C. Hicks, embarked, and arrived at Callao on 9 December.

"Utah" disembarked General Pershing and the other members of the mission on Christmas 1924, so that the general and his mission could visit other South American cities inland on their goodwill tour. Meanwhile, "Utah", in the weeks that followed, called at the Chilean ports of Punta Arenas and Valparaíso before she rounded Cape Horn and met General Pershing at Montevideo, Uruguay. Reembarking the general and his party there, the battleship then visited in succession: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; La Guaira, Venezuela; and Havana, Cuba, before ending her diplomatic voyage at New York City on 18 March 1926. "Utah" spent subsequent summers of 1925 and 1926 with the Midshipman Practice Squadron and, after disembarking her midshipmen at the conclusion of the 1925 cruise, entered the Boston Navy Yard and was decommissioned on 31 October 1925 for modernization. During that period of alterations and repairs, the ship's "cage" mainmast was replaced by a lighter pole mast; she was fitted to burn fuel oil instead of coal as fuel; and her armament was modified to reflect the increased concern over antiaircraft defense. Interestingly, "Utah" and her sister ship "Florida" never received the more modern "tripod" masts fitted to other classes.

"Utah" was placed back in commission on 1 December 1925 and, after local operations with the Scouting Fleet, departed from Hampton Roads on 21 November 1928, bound for South America. Reaching Montevideo on 18 December, she there embarked President-elect and Mrs. Herbert C. Hoover; the Honorable Henry T. Fletcher, Ambassador to Italy; and members of the press. "Utah" transported the President-elect's party to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 21 December and 23 December, and then continued her homeward voyage with Mr. Hoover embarked. En route, the President-elect inspected the battleship's crew while at sea, before the ship reached Hampton Roads on 6 January 1929.

However, "Utah" 's days as a battleship were numbered. Under the terms of the 1922 London Naval Treaty, "Utah" was selected for conversion to a mobile target, in place of the former battleship "North Dakota"; and, on 1 July 1931, "Utahs hull classification symbol was changed to AG-16"'. Her conversion was carried out at the Norfolk Navy Yard and included the installation of a radio-control apparatus. After having been decommissioned for the duration of the conversion, "Utah" was recommissioned at Norfolk on 1 April 1932 with Commander Randall Jacobs in command.

1932–1940

"Utah" departed from Norfolk on 7 April to train her engineers in using the new installations and for trials of her radio gear by which the ship could be controlled at varying rates of speed and changes of course maneuvers that a ship would conduct in battle. Her electric motors, operated by signals from the controlling ship, opened and closed throttle valves, moved her steering gear, and regulated the supply of oil to her boilers. In addition, a Sperry gyro pilot kept the ship on course.

Returning to port on 21 April, "Utah" passed her radio control trials off the Virginia Capes on 6 May. On 1 June, "Utah" ran three hours under radio control, with all engineering stations manned; over the next two days, she made two successful runs, each of four hours duration, during which no machinery was touched by human hands. Two observers in each fore room and two in each boiler room kept telephone information and recorded data.

Her trials completed, "Utah" departed Norfolk on 9 June. After transiting the Panama Canal she reached San Pedro, California, on 30 June, reporting for duty with Training Squadron 1, Base Force, United States Fleet. She conducted her first target duty, for cruisers of the Fleet, on 26 July, and later, on 2 August, conducted rehearsal runs for "Nevada", "Utah" being controlled from destroyers "Hovey" and "Talbot".

Over the next nine years, the erstwhile battleship performed a vital service to the fleet as a mobile target, contributing realism to the training of naval aviators in dive, torpedo, and high level bombing. Thus, she greatly aided the development of tactics in those areas. On one occasion, she even served as a troop transport, embarking 223 officers and men of the Fleet Marine Force at Sand Island, Midway, for amphibious operations at Hilo Bay, Hawaii, as part of Fleet Problem XVI in the early summer of 1936. She then transported the marines from Hawaii to San Diego, California, disembarking them there on 12 June 1936.

That same month, June 1935, saw the establishment of a fleet machine gun school on board "Utah" while she continued her mission as a mobile target. The former dreadnought received her first instructors on board in August 1936, and the first students, drawn from the ships' companies of the cruisers "Raleigh", "Concord", "Omaha", "Memphis", "Milwaukee", and the aircraft carrier "Ranger", reported aboard for training on 20 September. Subsequently, during the 1936 and 1937 gunnery year, "Utah" was fitted with a new quadruple 1.1 inch machine gun mount for experimental test and development by the machine gun school. Some of the first tests of that type of weapon were conducted on board.

Besides serving as a realistic target for exercises involving carrier-based planes, "Utah" also towed targets during battle practices conducted by the Fleet's battleships and took part in the yearly "fleet problems." She transited the Panama Canal on 9 January 1939 to participate in Fleet Problem XX, maneuvers observed personally by President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt from the heavy cruiser "Houston".

After providing mobile target services for the submarines of Submarine Squadron Six in the late autumn and early winter of 1939, "Utah" devoted the eight months that followed to special machine gun practices. The following summer, "Utah" sailed for the Hawaiian Islands reaching Pearl Harbor on 1 August 1940, and fired advanced antiaircraft gunnery practice in the Hawaiian operating area until 14 December 1940, when she sailed for the west coast, returning to Long Beach, California, four days before Christmas.

For the next two months, "Utah" operated as a mobile bombing target off San Clemente Island, California, for planes from Patrol Wing One, and from the carriers "Lexington", "Saratoga", and "Enterprise". "Utah" returned to Hawaiian waters on 1 April 1941, embarking gunners for the Advanced Antiaircraft Gun School, men drawn from the battleships "West Virginia", "Oklahoma", and "Colorado", and the cruisers "Phoenix", "Nashville", "Philadelphia", and "New Orleans".

Over the weeks that followed, she trained her embarked gunner students in control and loading drills for the 5 inch batteries, firing runs on radio-controlled drone targets as well as .50-caliber and 1.1 inch firing on drones and balloons. "Utah" put into Los Angeles, California, on 20 May and there embarked Fleet Marine Force passengers for transportation to Bremerton, Washington. Putting the marines ashore a week later, the ship entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 31 May 1941.

World War II

During the ensuing overhaul, "Utah" received repairs and alterations designed to make her a more effective gunnery training ship. The alterations included the addition of five-inch/38-caliber guns in single mounts with gunshields similar to those fitted on the more modern types of destroyers then in service. She also lost her pre-war colors, being repainted in Measure One camouflage: "5-D Dark Gray" overall, with masts and tops "5-L Light Gray." With war paint thus donned, "Utah" sailed for Hawaiian waters on 14 September, after visits to Port Townsend, Washington, San Francisco, California, and San Pedro, California. She arrived at Pearl Harbor soon thereafter and carried out antiaircraft training and target duties through the late autumn.

"Utah" completed an advanced antiaircraft gunnery cruise in Hawaiian waters shortly before she returned to Pearl Harbor in early December 1941, mooring off Ford Island in berth F-11. On the morning of 7 December 1941, the Captain and Executive Officer were ashore on leave, so the senior officer on board was Lieutenant Commander Solomon S. Isquith, the Engineer.

Shortly before 08:00, men topside noted three planes, which they took for American planes on maneuvers, heading in a northerly direction from the harbor entrance. They made a low dive at the southern end of Ford Island where the seaplane hangars were situated and began dropping bombs.

The attack on Pearl Harbor lasted a little under two hours, but for "Utah", it was over in a few minutes. At 08:01, soon after sailors had begun raising the colors at the ship's fantail, the erstwhile battleship took a torpedo hit forward and immediately started to list to port.

As the ship began to roll ponderously over on her beam ends, the 6 by 12 inch (150 by 300 mm) timbers placed on the decks to cushion them against the impact of the bombs used during the ship's latest stint as a mobile target began to shift, hampering the efforts of the crew to abandon ship. Below, men headed topside while they could. One however, Chief Watertender Peter Tomich, remained below, making sure that the boilers were secured and that all men had gotten out of the engineering spaces. Another man, Fireman John B. Vaessen, USNR, remained at his post in the dynamo room, making sure that the ship had enough power to keep her lights going as long as possible.

Commander Isquith made an inspection to make sure men were out and nearly became trapped himself. As the ship began to turn over, he found an escape hatch blocked. While he was attempting to escape through a porthole, a table upon which he was standing, impelled by the ever-increasing list of the ship, slipped out from beneath him. Fortunately, a man outside grabbed Isquith's arm and pulled him through at the last instant.

At 08:12, the mooring lines snapped, and "Utah" rolled over on her beam ends; her survivors struck out for shore, some taking shelter on the mooring quays since Japanese strafers were active.

Shortly after most of the men had reached shore, Commander Isquith, and others, heard a knocking from within the overturned ship's hull. Although Japanese planes were still strafing the area, Isquith called for volunteers to return to the hull and investigate the tapping. Obtaining a cutting torch from the nearby "Raleigh"—herself fighting for survival after taking early torpedo hits—the men went to work.

As a result of the persistence shown by Machinist S.A. Szymanski; Chief Machinist's Mate Terrance MacSelwiney, USNR; and two others whose names were unrecorded, one man, Fireman John (Jack) Vaessen clambered from a would-be tomb. Vaessen, who had made his way to the bottom of the ship when she capsized, bearing a flashlight and wrench.

"Utah" was declared "in ordinary" on 29 December 1941 and was placed under the control of the Pearl Harbor Base Force. Partially righted to clear an adjacent berth, she was then declared "out of commission, not in service," on 5 September 1944. "Utah"'s name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 13 November 1944. Her partially submerged hulk still remains, rusting, at Pearl Harbor with an unknown number of men trapped inside.

Memorial

In 1972, a memorial in honor of the crew of the "Utah" was dedicated on the northwest shore of Ford Island, adjacent to the ship's wreck.

Of "Utah"'s complement, 30 officers and 431 enlisted men survived the ship's loss; six officers and 52 men died. Four of the latter were recovered and interred ashore as are 7 Unknowns from "Utah". One of those known interred ashore was a survivor of the sinking in the harbor, only to be shot by accident on another ship. Chief Watertender Tomich received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his selfless act in ensuring the safety of others.

"Utah" (AG-16) received one battle star for her World War II service. In addition, the ship was added to the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989. She is the official state ship of the State of Utah.

References

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*

Further reading

* This book includes an account of the salvage efforts aboard "Utah" immediately following the attack, and the attempts to raise her.

External links

* [http://www.ussutah.org/DEfault.htm Pearl Harbor:The USS Utah(BB31/AG16) Story]
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/uss_utah_bb31.htm Maritimequest USS Utah BB-31 Photo Gallery]
* [http://home.comcast.net/~kd7swl/uss-utah History of USS Utah, (1st Web Site before it was given to the survivors club)]
* [http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/31a.htm NavSource Online: Battleship Photo Archive BB-31 USS UTAH 1909 - 1916]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-u/bb31.htm USS Utah (Battleship # 31, later BB-31 and AG-16), 1911-1941 -- Overview and Special Image Selection]
* [http://www.hnsa.org/ships/utah.htm HNSA Ship Page: USS "Utah"]