Kinnickinnic River (Milwaukee River)

The Kinnickinnic River is one of three primary rivers that flow into the harbor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is locally called "the KK River."

Kinnickinnic is an Ojibwa word which literally means "what is mixed," referring to the mixing of indigenous plants and tobaccos. Often called Milwaukee's forgotten river, it is the smallest within the Milwaukee River Basin, yet is the most urbanized and densely populated.

History

Milwaukee was founded to utilize a natural harbor formed by the confluence of rivers immediately before flowing into Lake Michigan, similar to Manistee, Michigan and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The Kinnickinnic River is the southernmost of the three rivers, flowing in a generally northeastern direction towards the harbor. The Menomonee River enters from the west and the Milwaukee River enters from the north.

Originally, the Kinnickinnic River flowed almost directly into Lake Michigan, with water from the Milwaukee and Menomonee Rivers flowing south from the center of the city before exiting to the Lake. The landform that protected the harbor was a long marshy spit, called Jones Island, that extended southwards from the center of the city. To shorten the distance from the harbor entrance to the city, a "straight cut" was made across the base of the spit, at the northern end. [http://www.port.mil.wi.us/history.htm] The original harbor entrance was filled in, so that Jones Island was now a peninsula extending northwards, with its base to the south. This effectively lengthened the river, and this new stretch now formed a large portion of the harbor.

Shipping traffic in Milwaukee eventually outgrew the "inner" harbor formed by the three rivers. An "outer" harbor was constructed in the lake, with the lake-facing edge of Jones Island serving as the docking area. The inhabitants of Jones Island were forced to leave, and those that were small commercial fishermen moved operations farther up the Kinnickinnic. The commercial fishing fleet now resides in the stretch of river near the 1st Street Bridge, along with small pleasure craft.

Watershed

The Kinnickinnic (KK) River watershed covers approximately 25 square miles of perennial streams, which along with the main river, have been extensively modified through concrete channeling. High levels of industrial pollutants, diminished access for public use, and lack of a vegetative buffer has caused much of the community to perceive the waterways as nothing more than a network of municipal sewage drainage creeks.

Its estuary empties in to Lake Michigan at the Milwaukee harbor, along with the Milwaukee River and Menomonee River.

Pollution Problems

Parts of the Kinnickinnic (KK) River watershed are considered one of the Great Lakes Areas of Concern, along with the Milwaukee River Estuary. For the Kinnickinnic, this is due to high levels of PCBs and PAHs found in the river. For this reason, the Kinnicknic was listed as the 7th most endangered river in the U.S. in 2007, by American Rivers.

External links

* [http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/aoc/milwaukee.html Milwaukee Estuary Area of Concern]
* [http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/wm/sms/kkriver]
* [http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/GLWI/kkriver/ Kinnickinnic River Project]
* [http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/GLWI/kkriver/documents/TheStateoftheKinnickinnicRiver.pdf The State of the Kinnickinnic River, Milwaukee, WI] (PDF)
* [http://basineducation.uwex.edu/milwaukee/ Milwaukee River Basin Partnership]
* [http://www.mkeriverkeeper.org/cleanups/cleanups.htm Milwaukee River Basin Clean Ups]