Yakima War

The Yakima War was a conflict between the United States and the Yakama people, a Sahaptian-speaking people on the Northwest Plateau, then Washington Territory and now the southern interior of Eastern Washington, from 1855 to 1858.

Naming

This conflict is also referred to as the "Yakima Indian War of 1855" and is often seen as a continuation of the Cayuse War, which began in 1848, and its last phase is also known as the Coeur d'Alene War or Palouse War. Together the Cayuse and Yakima Wars overall were the largest of the many Indian Wars in the newly-declared Oregon (1848) and Washington Territories (1853), which were formed in the wake of the partition of the Oregon Country with Britain by the Treaty of Washington of 1846, although the later Nez Perce War is generally more well-known.

Background

In the mid-19th Century the Yakama Indians lived along the Columbia and Yakima Rivers on the plateau north of the Columbia, on the inland side of the Cascade Range. In addition to long-standing relations with neighbouring tribes, they also had a long-established trade relationship with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), based out of Forts Vancouver, Walla Walla and Fort Okanagan dating back to the first trade with whites via the traders of the North West Company (which was later absorbed into the HBC). The Cayuse and Yakama and other peoples of the region, all former clients of the HBC and friendly with the "King George" (British) and "Pasiooks (French Canadian/Metis) traders of the Hudson's Bay, found themselves facing different attitudes and policies for dealing with aboriginal peoples, and the pressure of an impeding flood of settlement led to conflicts throughout the former Oregon Country.

In May and June 1855, Isaac Stevens, the first governor of the newly formed Washington Territory, and Joel Palmer, Superintendent of the Oregon Territory, enacted three treaties at the Walla Walla Council (1855). The Walla Walla, the Umatilla and the Cayuse tribes were coerced to move from 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of tribal lands to a reservation in northeastern Oregon. Over time, this was reduced down to 95,000 acres (384 km²). In a second treaty, fourteen different tribal groups agreed to go onto the Yakama Indian Reservation, giving up a combined 29,000 square miles (75,000 km²) of land. Under the third treaty, the Nez Perce were confined to a reservation that included parts of southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and west-central Idaho.

The same year gold was discovered on the recently established Yakama reservation, and conflict erupted between encroaching white miners and tribes of the Plateau. The tribes eventually united together under the leadership of Yakama chief Kamiakin, marking the start of the Yakima War.

The U.S. Army sent troops to the region, and in August 1856, Robert S. Garnett supervised the construction of Fort Simcoe as a military post. Initially the conflict was limited to the Yakama, but eventually the Walla Walla and Cayuse were drawn into the war, following the lead of the Yakama, and a number of raids and battles took place. Perhaps the best known of these raids culminated in the Battle of Seattle in which an unknown number of raiders briefly crossed the Cascade Range to engage settlers, Marines and the U.S. Navy before retiring.

The last phase of the war, sometimes referred to as the Coeur d'Alene War or Palouse War came in 1858. General Newman S. Clarke commanded the Department of the Pacific and sent a force under Col. George Wright to deal with the recent fighting. At the Battle of Four Lakes, near Spokane, Washington, (September 1858), Wright inflicted a decisive defeat on the Indians. He then called a council of all the local Indians at Latah Creek (southwest of Spokane), and there on September 23 imposed a peace treaty, under which most of the tribes were to go to reservations.

Cascades Massacre

The Cascades Massacre was an attack on white settlers by Native Americans at the Cascades Rapids that occurred on March 26, 1856. The attackers included warriors from the Yakama, Klickitat, and Cascades tribes. Fourteen civilians and three soldiers died in the attack, the most losses for the U.S. during the Yakima War. U.S. reenforcement arrived on the following day to drive out the attackers. The Yakama people were able to escape, but nine Cascades, including Chief Chenoweth, were charged and executed for "treason".cite web|publisher=HistoryLink.org|title=Native Americans attack Americans at the Cascades of the Columbia on March 26, 1856|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5190]

Aftermath

Kamiakin fled to Canada. 24 Other chiefs were hanged or shot. According to accounts by survivors, some of those who had surrendered, e.g. Qualchan, were summarily executed.cite book
author=various
title=Mary Moses's Statement
publisher=Ye Galleon Press
year=1988|id=ISBN 0-87770-453-8]

The Yakama tribe was put on a reservation south of the present city of Yakima.

See also

*Bannock War
*Cayuse War
*Fort Dalles
*Fraser Canyon War
*Nez Perce War
*Okanagan Trail
*Rogue River War
*Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War

References

External links

* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5311 Yakama (Yakima) Indian War begins on October 5, 1855. HistoryLink.org Essay 5311]
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=8124 Major Gabriel Rains and 700 soldiers and volunteers skirmish with Yakama warriors under Kamiakin at Union Gap on November 9, 1855. HistoryLink.org Essay 8124]
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=8118 Yakama tribesmen slay Indian Subagent Andrew J. Bolon near Toppenish Creek on September 23, 1855. HistoryLink.org Essay 8118]
* [http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv85849 Guide to the Yakima War (1856-1858) at the University of Oregon.]