Phosphor thermometry

Phosphor thermometry is an optical method for surface temperature measurement. The method exploits luminescence emitted by phosphor material. Phosphors are fine white or pastel-colored inorganic powders which may be stimulated by any of a variety of means to luminesce, i.e. emit light. Certain characteristics of the emitted light change with temperature, including brightness, color, and afterglow duration. The latter is most commonly used for temperature measurement.

Time Dependence of Luminescence

Typically a short duration ultraviolet lamp or laser source illuminates the phosphor coating which in turn luminesces visibly. When the illuminating source ceases, the luminescence will persist for a characteristic time, steadily decreasing. The time required for the brightness to decrease to $frac\{1\}\{e\}$ of its original value is known as the decay time or lifetime and signified as $au$. It is a function of temperature, T.

$!,\; au=f(T)$

The intensity, "I" of the luminescence commonly decays exponentially as:

$!,\; I=I\_\{o\}e^\{frac\{-t\}\{\; au$

Where "I₀" is the initial intensity (or amplitude).

The phosphors used may also be designated as "thermographic phosphors".

The method is also referred to as fluorescence thermometry since it is also the case that similar materials in the form of glass, crystals, or even optical fibers will fluoresce and may be used as temperature sensors. Fiberoptic amplifiers are based on optical fibers doped with rare earths. Such fibers are useful for temperature measurement.

If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying light emitting diode (LED) signal of frequency f and the fluorescence that results. This is illustrated in the figure. The phase difference varies with decay time and hence temperature in the following way:

$!,\; phi=tan(2\; \{pi\}\; f\; \{\; au\})$

Temperature Dependence for Selected Materials

The right phosphor to use depends on the temperature rangeof interest, desired sensitivity, and other factors.

The next two plots show the characteristic decay time versus temperature for several materials of use in the low to moderate temperature range and the high temperature range.

Observations:

1. The oxysulfide materials represented there exhibit several different emission lines, each having a different temperature dependence. It is seen that substituting one rare-earth for another, in this instance changing La to Gd, shifts the temperature dependence.

2. The YAG:Cr material (Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Cr³⁺) shows less sensiivity but covers a wider temperature range than the more sensitive materials.

3. Sometimes the decay time will be constant over a wide range before becoming temperature dependent at some threshold value. This is illustrated for the YVO4:Dy curve but also holds for several of the other curves as well (but not shown for clarity).

4. These curves are approximate. They may change somewhat depending on the fabrication process and the level of impurities.

Sometimes manufacturers will add a second rare earth as a sensitizer. This may enhance the emission in some way for their purposes and may also alter the nature of the temperature dependence. Also, Ga is sometimes substituted for some of the Al in YAG, also altering the temperature dependence.

5. Non-exponential behaviour of the emission can be a factor. The emission of Dy phosphors is sometimes not easily modelled as a simple single exponential. Consequently, the value assigned to decay time will depend very much on the analysis method chosen. As dopant concentration increases, this non-exponential character often becomes more pronounced.

6. In the high temperature plot, the two Lutecium phosphate samples were crystalline rather than in a phosphor form. Crystal decay time and temperature dependence will generally be similar to but not necessarily identical to the phosphor form of a given material.

7. Particle Size is another important parameter. The decay time of a given phosphor will exhibit a change as a function of particle size. This is especially the case as the particle size decreases below a micrometre.

8. The data plotted here represents only a fraction of thermally sensitive luminescent materials that have been tested by various researchers.

9. The data illustrates the general conclusion that rare-earth and transition-metal oxides, vanadates, garnets, and phosphates can efficiently be made to fluoresce at high temperatures.

See also

*Luminescence
*Photoluminescence
*Fluorescence
*thermometer

Commercial firms involved in phosphor thermometry

* [http://www.photon-control.com/ Photon Control Inc.]

* [http://www.stscience.com/index.php Southside Thermal Sciences (STS) Ltd.]

* [http://www.luxtron.com/ Luxtron Corporation]

* [http://www.ipitek.com/ Ipitek Corporation]

Organizations involved in related research

* [http://www.forbrf.lth.se/laser_diagnostics/ Combustion Physics Department, Lund University Faculty of Engineering]

* [http://www.city.ac.uk/sems/engineering/research/mic/researchareas.html City University London UK]

* [http://www.ec.ctrl.titech.ac.jp/English/research.htm Tokyo Institute of Technology Mechano-Aerospace Systems Engineering]

* [http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=61,365280&_dad=portallive&_schema=PORTALLIVE Imperial College London Department of Mechanical Engineering]

* [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/phosphors/index.htm Oak Ridge National Lab Phosphor Thermometry Page]

* [http://www.phosphortech.com PhosphorTech Corporation]

* [http://www.phosphor-technology.com Phosphor Technology Ltd.]

References

* A book on fiber optic fluorescence thermometry (ISBN 0-412-62470-2)

*S. W. Allison and G. T. Gillies (1997), 'Remote thermometry with thermographic phosphors: instrumentation and applications', Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 2615-2650.

*K-L. Choy, J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and B. Su (1999), 'Eu-doped Y2O3 phosphor films produced by electrostatic-assisted chemical vapor deposition', Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 3111-3114.

*C. Bird, J. E. Mutton, R. Shepherd, M. D. W. Smith, and H. M. L. Watson (1997), 'Surface temperature measurement in turbines', Advanced non-intrusive instrumentation for propulsion engines, Brussels, Belgium, AGARD conference proceedings, Vol. 598. pp. 21.4-21.10.

*B. W. Noel, H. M. Borella, L. A. Franks, B. R. Marshall, S. W. Allison, W. A. Stange and M. R. Cates (1986), 'Proposed laser-induced fluorescence method for remote thermometry in turbine engines', Journal of Propulsion, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 565-568.

*R. M. Ranson, C. B. Thomas and M. R. Craven (1998), 'A thin coating for phosphor thermography', Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 9, pp. 1947-1950

*J. P. Feist and A. L. Heyes (2000), ' Europium-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia for high-temperature phosphor thermometry', Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 214 Part L, pp. 7-11.

*J. P. Feist and A. L. Heyes (2000), ' The characterization of Y2O2S:Sm powder as a thermographic phosphor for high temperature applications', Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 942-947.

*A. L. Heyes 'Thermographic Phosphor Thermometry Applications in Engineering', VKI Lecture Series on Advanced Measurement Techniques for Aero and Stationary Gas Turbines.

*J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and S. Seefeldt (2003), 'Thermographic phosphor thermometry for film cooling studies in gas turbine combustors', Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers: Part a: Journal of Power and Energy, Vol. 217, pp. 193-200.

*L. P. Goss, A. A. Smith and M. E. Post (1989), 'Surface thermometry by laser-induced fluorescence', Review of scientific instruments, Vol. 60(12), pp. 3702-3706.

*X. Chen, Z. Mutasim, J. Price, J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and S. Seefeldt (2005), 'Industrial sensor TBCs: Studies on temperature detection and durability', International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 414-421.

*K-L. Choy, J. Mei, J. P. Feist and A. L. Heyes (2000), 'Microstructure and thermoluminescent properties of ESAVD produced Eu doped Y2O3-ZrO2 coatings', Surface Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 469-472.

*A. L. Heyes, S. Seefeldt, J. P Feist (2005), ‘Two-colour thermometry for surface temperature measurement’, Optics and Laser Technology, 38, pp.257-265.

*L. Mannik, S. K. Brown and S. R. Campbell (1987), 'Phosphor-based thermometry of rotating surfaces', Applied Optics, Vol. 26, No. 18, pp. 4014-4017.

*J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes, S. Seefeldt (2002), ‘Thermographic phosphors for gas turbines: instrumentation development and measurement uncertainties’, 11th International Symposium on Application of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal.

*K. W. Tobin, S. W. Allison, M. R. Cates, G. J. Capps, D. L. Beshears, M. Cyr and B. W. Noel (1990), 'High-temperature phosphor thermometry of rotating turbine blades', AIAA journal, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 1485-1490

*K. W. Jr. Tobin, D. L. Beshears, B. W. Noel, W. D. Turley, and W. III. Lewis 'Fiber sensor design for turbine engines', 5th Annual Fiber Optics Review Conference, 1991, Blacksburg, USA, Proceedings of SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 1584. pp. 23-31.

* R.J.L.Steenbakker,J.P.Feist,R.G.Wellmann,J.R.Nicholls, (2008),SENSOR TBCs: REMOTE IN-SITU CONDITION MONITORING OF EB-PVD COATINGS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, GT2008-51192,Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea and Air,June 9-13, 2008, Berlin, Germany.