High school baseball in Japan

In Japan, high school baseball (高校野球: kōkō yakyū) generally refers to the 2 annual baseball tournaments played by high schools nationwide culminating at a final showdown at Hanshin Kōshien Stadium in Nishinomiya, Japan. They are organized by the Japan High School Baseball Federation in association with Mainichi Shimbun for the National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in the spring (also known as "Spring Kōshien") and Asahi Shimbun for the National High School Baseball Championship in the summer (also known as "Summer Kōshien").

These nationwide tournaments enjoy widespread popularity, arguably equal to or greater than professional baseball. Qualifying tournaments are often televised locally and each game of the final stage at Kōshien is televised nationally on NHK. The tournaments have become a national tradition, and large numbers of frenzied students and parents travel from hometowns to cheer for their local team. It is a common sight to see players walking off the field in tears after being eliminated from the tournament by a loss.

The star players of the championship team achieve a degree of celebrity status. For the players, playing at Kōshien is the door to playing at the professional level. Due to the recruiting practices of Japanese high schools, top prospects often play on strong teams that are able to reach the final tournament at Kōshien. Several professional baseball players first made their mark at Kōshien, including Eiji Bando, Sadaharu Oh, Koji Ota, Suguru Egawa, Masumi Kuwata, Kazuhiro Kiyohara, Hideki Matsui, Daisuke Matsuzaka, Yu Darvish and Masahiro Tanaka.

Background

There are two main tournaments:
* National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament ("Spring Kōshien")
* National High School Baseball Championship ("Summer Kōshien")

In addition, there is a separate and less well-known Meiji Jingu Baseball Tournament held each year in November at Jingu Baseball Stadium in Tokyo. Since the 2002 tournament, the winner is guaranteed a spot in following Spring Kōshien.

Particulars

In the week preceding the tournament in spring and summer, teams who have won aspot in the tournament each hold a 30 minute practice on the grounds of HanshinKōshien Stadium. This is mainly to help the players adjust to the environmentof the stadium. In the summer, due to scheduling conflicts with the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball, the Tigers are forced to go on a three-week road trip every year during this period to allow the tournament to take place.

In addition, teams are able to practice during the tournament at public andprivate facilities made available in Nishinomiya, and neighboring Osaka,
Amagasaki, and Kobe.

Usually, 1st year students cannot take part in Spring Kōshien (only 2nd and 3rdyear students), so in three years of high school there are five chances for a player to go to Kōshien.

In November 2004, in response to a growing trend among Japan's youths, the Baseball Federation announced that players could not participate with dyed-hair or shaved eyebrows.

Notable episodes

Participation of overseas teams

Before World War II, teams from Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria, which were all part of the Japanese Empire at the time, participated in the tournaments (in the spring only Taiwan took part). The first overseas teams to participate were Pusan Commercial High School of Korea and Dalian Commercial High School of Manchuria in the 1921 Summer Kōshien. Foreign teams have made it as far as the championship game, but have never won the tournament. The last tournament including foreign teams was the 1940 Spring Kōshien.

Foreign teams advancing to the championship game

Year	Tournament	School	Result		Opponent
1926	12th Summer	Dalian Commercial High(Manchuria)	runner-up	1-2	Shizuoka Prefectural High (Shizuoka)
1931	17th Summer	Chiayi Agricultural High (Taiwan)	runner-up	0-4	Chūkyō University High (Aichi)

ix-time Kōshien participants

Currently, the maximum number of times a player can appear in Kōshien is five.However, under the old high school system, a player could appear more than five times. Here are two examples.

Year	Tournament	Tamotsu Kusumoto Akashi Secondary (Hyōgo)	Masao Yoshida Chūkyō Commercial (Aichi)
1930	7th Spring	2nd year
1931	8th Spring	3rd year
1932	9th Spring	4th year	3rd year
	18th Summer	4th year	3rd year
1933	10th Spring	5th year	4th year
	19th Summer	5th year	4th year
1934	11th Spring		5th year
	20th Summer		5th year
Total appearances		6	6

Makeshift Kōshien

The tournament was suspended due to the war from summer 1941 until spring 1946, with the exception of a "Promote the Fighting Spirit" tournament held by the Ministry of Education in 1942 at Kōshien. The number of teams was only 16 compared with 23 at the previous tournament, but each region held qualifying tournaments and sent teams to a national tournament. The military theme was prevalent at the tournament, with military slogans posted on the scoreboard, and names on uniforms previously written in trendy Roman alphabet letters replaced by traditional Japanese kanji characters. The tournament proceeded smoothly and Tokushima Commercial High (Tokushima) won the championship. However, since this tournament differed from past Summer Kōshiens hosted by Asahi Shimbun it is not counted as an official Kōshien tournament.

acred "Dirt of Kōshien"

In the 1937 Summer Kōshien, Kumamoto Tech (Kumamoto) advanced to thechampionship game, but lost. After the game, Kumamoto Tech player Tetsuharu Kawakami grabbed a handful of dirt from the playing field of Kōshien Stadium and put it in his uniform pocket as a memento. Some years later, in the 1949 Summer Kōshien, after Kokura High (Fukuoka) lost to Kurashige Tech (Okayama) in the semifinals, Kokura pitcher Kunio Fukushima scooped up some Kōshien dirt and took it home. This has become known as the original scooping of Nihongo|"the dirt of Kōshien"|甲子園の土|Kōshien no tsuchi. Since then, as a memento of their fleeting time on the hallowed grounds of Kōshien, players from the losing teams take home a pouch of the precious soil.

At the 1958 Summer Kōshien, Shuri High (Okinawa) became the first school torepresent Okinawa (then under U.S. government rule) in a Kōshien tournament.They were eliminated in their first game by Tsuruga High (Fukui). After thegame, they collected souvenirs of dirt and took them home. However, due toquarantine regulations of the Ryūkyū government they were not allowed to keep the dirt, and it was confiscated. Some Japan Airlines flight attendants heard about this, and had a sea stone lying outside Kōshien Stadium sent to Shuri.Even today this "Monument of Friendship" lies in the yard of the school as areminder of the first trip to Kōshien by a team from Okinawa.

Denial of Participation

In the past, if a scandal was uncovered at a high school chosen to participate in the Kōshien, the school was forced to withdraw from competition in the tournament. A team's participation in the tournament was affected even by scandals not related to team members. However, recently, such unrelated incidents have had less effect on a team's participation.

Denials of Kōshien participation based on circumstances other than scandals have also occurred. In the 1922 summer tournament, Niigata Commercial High School's denial was based on a star player's illness.

Denials of Participation in the Kōshien Tournament (Spring Invitationals Included)

Year	Tournament	School	Reason for Denial
1922	8th Summer	Niigata Commercial (Niigata)	star player's illness
1935	12th Spring	Naniwa Commercial (Ōsaka)	series of crimes connected with the school
1939	25th Summer	Teikyō (Tokyo)	concerns regarding player qualifications
1939	25th Summer	Nichidai San (Tōkyō)	concerns regarding player qualifications
1952	24th Spring	Moji East (Fukuoka)	player exempted from school examinations
1958	30th Spring	Naniwa Commercial (Ōsaka)	student blackmail
1965	37th Spring	Kōchi Commercial (Kōchi)	assault involving player
1967	39th Spring	Tsuyama Commercial (Okayama)	assault involving former player
1971	43rd Spring	Hokkai (Hokkaidō)	assault involving students
1971	43rd Spring	Sanda Gakuen (Hyōgo)	assault involving students
1971	43rd Spring	Shiwakayama Shōgyō (Wakayama)	assault involving students
1971	43rd Spring	Nanbu (Wakayama)	assault involving students
1975	45th Spring	Moji Industrial (Fukuoka)	attempted assault involving students
1984	56th Spring	Ikeda (Tokushima)	player driving while intoxicated
1984	56th Spring	Hakodate Yūto (Hokkaidō)	manager involved in hit and run accident
1985	57th Spring	Meitoku Gijuku (Kōchi)	team president involved in criminal case
1987	59th Spring	Tōkaidaiurayasu (Chiba)	assault involving player
1989	61st Spring	Iwakura (Tōkyō)	assault involving team leader
1992	64th Spring	Uenomiya (Ōsaka)	assault of a student by former coach
1992	64th Spring	Kōbe Kōryō (Hyōgo)	player caught smoking tobacco
2000	72nd Spring	Tsurugakehi (Fukui)	player driving while intoxicated without a license
2005	87th Summer	Meitoku Gijuku (Kōchi)	player caught smoking and involved in assault
2006	78th Spring	Komadaitomakomai (Hokkaidō)	former player drinking and smoking

Jargon for lack of regional champions

hirakawa Barrier and the Tsugaru Strait

This term is based on the barrier built in Shirakawa, Fukushima. No team north of the northern Kantō region had ever won a tournament at Kōshien. This fact became known in the high school baseball world as the "Shirakawa Barrier". At the 2004 Summer Kōshien, Komazawa University Tomakomai High (southern Hokkaidō) took the title, and in one bound leaped over not only the Shirakawa Barrier but also the Tsugaru Strait separating Hokkaido from Honshū. On the plane carrying the team and championship flag back home, at the moment the plane crossed the Tsugaru Strait, the passengers joined in unison for a celebration cheer.

In 2005, Komazawa University Tomakomai High won a second straight Summer Kōshien title, becoming the first to do so since Kokura Secondary (Fukuoka) in 1947–48. This title was tainted after the tournament, however, by reports of repeated incidents of physical punishment of one of the players, once during the tournament, by the baseball club advisor (a 27-year-old school faculty member). Besides a reprimand for withholding the report until after the tournament, the High School Baseball Federation did not punish Komazawa Tomakomai. However, the report drew widespread attention to the issue of physical punishment in youth sports in Japan. It is believed that such physical punishment probably goes heavily underreported, due to cultural tendencies.

Hokkaidō and Tōhoku region teams in the championship game (through 2004)

Year	Tournament	School	Result		Opponent
1915	1st Summer	Akita (Akita)	runner-up	1–2	Kyōto Nichū (Kyōto)
1963	35th Spring	Hokkai (Hokkaidō)	runner-up	0–10	Shimonoseki Comm. (Yamaguchi)
1969	51st Summer	Misawa (Aomori)	runner-up	2–4	Matsuyama Comm. (Ehime)
1971	53rd Summer	Iwaki (Fukushima)	runner-up	0–1	Tōin Gakuen (Kanagawa)
1989	71st Summer	Sendai Ikuei (Miyagi)	runner-up	0–2	Teikyō (E Tōkyō)
2001	73rd Spring	Sendai Ikuei (Miyagi)	runner-up	6–7	Jōsō Gakuin (Ibaraki)
2003	85th Summer	Tōhoku (Miyagi)	runner-up	2–4	Jōsō Gakuin (Ibaraki)
2004	86th Summer	Komazawa U Tomakomai (S Hokkaidō)	champion	13–10	Saibi (Ehime)

As mentioned above, Komawaza University Tomakomai won the 2004 Summer Koshien, becoming the northern-most school to win since Sakushin Gakuin (Tochigi).However, the route traveled by the championship flag from Koshien to Hokkaidō did not actually pass through the Shirakawa Barrier by land, so many fans (especially in the Tōhoku region) believe that the barrier has technically not yet been broken.

Passing Hakone

In high school baseball jargon, a championship by a school in the region fromKanagawa to Tochigi.The first team to "pass Hakone" was Keio Futsūbu (Tōkyō). After that, Shonan High (Kanagawa) won in summer of 1949. Despite the fact that Keio Futsūbu won in summer of 1916, the victory by Shonan High in 1946 is known as the first "passing of Hakone". Reasons for this include the fact that 33 years had passed since the Keio Futsūbu and Shonan High victories, the fact that western Japanese teams were seen as stronger than eastern Japanese teams at the time of Shonan High's victory, and the fact that high school baseball was not yet well known in 1916.The first spring passing of Hakone was achieved by Waseda Jitsugyō (Tōkyō)led by pitcher and future pro baseball legend Sadaharu Oh in 1957.

Also, the "fording of the Tone River" in northern Kantō has also been achieved.

Since the victory of Waseda Jitsugyō, since championships by Kantō teams are not so rare, these terms have fallen out of use.

Shirakawa and Hakone were both strategic checkpoints during the Edo period, with official passes needed to pass through, leading to these names.

Kanmon Straits

In high school baseball jargon, when a team from Kyūshū wins a tournament.The first to "cross the Kanmon Straits" was Kokura Secondary in the 1947 Summer Kōshien. Coincidentally, Kokura Secondary repeated as champions in 1948, a feat not matched until Komawaza University Tomakomai also became the first team to bring the title to their region then repeated the following year.

Kyūshū teams in the championship game (through 1947)

Year	Tournament	School	Result		Opponent
1934	20th Summer	Kumamoto Tech (Kumamoto)	runner-up	0–2	Gokō Secondary (Hiroshima)
1937	23rd Summer	Kumamoto Tech (Kumamoto)	runner-up	1–3	Chūkyō (Aichi)
1947	19th Spring	Kokura Secondary (Fukuoka)	runner-up	1–3	Tokushima Commercial (Tokushima)
1947	29th Summer	Kokura Secondary (Fukuoka)	champion	6–3	Gifu Commercial (Gifu)

Mountain of Aso

Based on Mount Aso in Kumamoto. In high school baseball jargon, when a team from the southern half of Kyūshū wins the tournament. The first to "pass the Mountain of Aso" was Seiseikō High (Kumamoto) in the 1958 Spring Kōshien. This is not been achieved in the Summer Kōshien yet.

Ocean crossing

In high school baseball jargon, when a team from Okinawa wins a tournament.The first to "cross the ocean" was Okinawa Shōgaku (Okinawa) in the spring of 1999.This has not been achieved in the Summer Kōshien yet.

Okinawa teams in the championship game (through 2005)

Year	Tournament	School	Result		Opponent
1990	72nd Summer	Okinawa Fishery (Okinawa)	runner-up	0–1	Tenri (Nara)
1991	73rd Summer	Okinawa Fishery (Okinawa)	runner-up	8–13	Osaka Tōin (Osaka)
1999	71st Spring	Okinawa Shōgaku (Okinawa)	champion	7–2	Mito Commercial (Ibaraki)

Into snow country

In high school baseball jargon, when a team from the Hokuriku region wins atournament.As of 2005, no team has achieved this. Fukui Commercial High (Fukui) in the1978 Spring Kōshien and Seiryō (Ishikawa, alma mater of Hideki Matsui) in the 1997 Summer Kōshien reached the semifinals.

Appearances in popular culture

Some of the most famous appearances of high school baseball in popular culture are in the manga and anime series "Touch" and "H2" by Mitsuru Adachi, and "Major" by Takuya Mitsuda. Those series follow the struggles of different high school teams' bids to make it to the Kōshien tournament.

An unusual appearance is in the series "Princess Nine", where a private girls' high school forms a baseball team and struggles against systemic bias in the Japan High School Baseball Federation and within their own school in order to make a serious bid at making it to and winning at Kōshien. Something similar, in the long running baseball video game series Pawapuro Series, it is known that at least three female players (two pitchers and one catcher, until 14) made their name in Kōshien in the main series' original storyline (Success Mode) and turned active players in the NPB, through one of them retired later and become a coach and lecturer in Baseball academy.

ee also

*Hanshin Kōshien Stadium
*National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament
*National High School Baseball Championship
*Ōendan

External links

* [http://www2.gol.com/users/jallen/jimball.html A summary of Japanese baseball including Koshien by Jim Allen of Yomiuri Shimbun]
* [http://www.jhbf.or.jp/ Japan High School Baseball Federation]
* [http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/kokoyakyu/# P.O.V. episode on Japanese Highschool Baseball] (aired on PBS, July 4,2006)