Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language

Infobox Language
name=Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language
nativename=ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ "Anishinaabemowin"
pronunciation=/ənɪʃʰɪnaːpeːmowɪn/ or /ənɪʰʃɪnaːpeːmowɪn/
states=Flag|Canada,
Flag|United States
region=western Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and into Saskatchewan, with outlying groups as far west as British Columbia; in the United States, from Michigan westward to Montana
speakers=70,606 (Ojibwe: 32,460, Oji-Cree: 12,600 and Algonquin: 2,680, Ottawa: 7,128; Potawatomi: 30 in Canada; Ojibwe: 13,838, Ottawa: 872 and Potawatomi: 998 in the United States)
familycolor=American
fam1=Algic
fam2=Algonquian
fam3=Central Algonquian
script=Latin alphabet of various orthographies in Canada and the United States, and Ojibwe syllabics in Canada, and formerly, pictographs, and Great Lakes Aboriginal syllabics in the United States.
iso1=
iso2=

lc1=alq|ld1=Algonquin|ll1=Algonquin language
lc2=oji|ld2=Ojibwa (generic)|ll2=none
lc3=ojs|ld3=Severn Ojibwa|ll3=Oji-Cree language
lc4=ojg|ld4=Eastern Ojibwa|ll4=Eastern Ojibwa language
lc5=ojc|ld5=Central Ojibwa|ll5=Central Ojibwa language
lc6=ojb|ld6=Northwestern Ojibwa|ll6=Northwestern Ojibwa language
lc7=ojw|ld7=Western Ojibwa|ll7=Western Ojibwa language
lc8=ciw|ld8=Chippewa|ll8=Chippewa language
lc9=otw|ld9=Ottawa|ll9=Ottawa language
lc10=pot|ld10=Potawatomi|ll10=Potawatomi language



Location of all Anishinaabe Reservations/Reserves and cities with an Anishinaabe population in North America, with diffusion rings about communities speaking the Anishinaabe language

The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language (also called the Anishinaabe language or "Anishinaabemowin", unicode|ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ in Eastern Algonquian syllabics) is the second most commonly spoken First Nations language in Canada (after Cree), [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928 Statistics Canada 2006] ] and the third most spoken in North America (behind Navajo and Cree). It is spoken by the Anishinaabeg who are the Algonquin, Nipissing, Ojibwa (Chippewa), Saulteaux, Mississaugas and Odawa (Ottawa). Very closely related to "Anishinaabe" peoples, and speakers included in this group are the Anishinini language and the Potawatomi language. As their fur trading with the French increased the Ojibwas’ power, the Anishinaabe language became the trade language of the Great Lakes region, and was for hundreds of years an extremely significant presence in the northern United States.

Classification

The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is divided into two major groups—the Ojibwa-Ottawa language, often referred to as the "Ojibwa language" though Ojibwa language is just one component of the language, and the Potawatomi language. The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is an Algonquian language, of the Algic family of languages, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian. Among its sister languages are Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee. The Algic family contains the Algonquian languages and the so-called "Ritwan" languages, Wiyot and Yurok. Ojibwe group of languages is frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; however, Central Algonquian is an areal grouping rather than a genetic one. Among Algonquian languages, only the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a true genetic subgroup. This article deals primarily with the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect spoken in the northern United States, around Minnesota and Wisconsin. Therefore, some of the descriptions given here will not necessarily hold true for other dialects of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, unless an example is specifically given here. Otherwise, for specific detail on an individual language belonging to the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, please see the individual language's article.

*Algic languages
**Algonquian languages
***Central Algonquian languages
****Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa languagecol-2
*Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language
** Ojibwa-Ottawa language
*** Algonquin language group
**** Algonquin language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=alq alq] )
*** Ojibwa language group ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=oji oji] )
**** Oji-Cree language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=alq ojs] )
**** Ojibwa language
***** Saulteaux language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojw ojw] )
***** Chippewa language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ciw ciw] )
***** Northwestern Ojibwa language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojb ojb] )
***** Central Ojibwa language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojc ojc] )
***** Mississauga language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojg ojg] )
**** Ottawa language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=otw otw] )
** Potawatomi language ( [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pot pot] )col-end

Geographic distribution

The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is spoken by approximately 70,606 people in North America and can be divided into the Ojibwa-Ottawa language and the Potawatomi language. Of the Ojibwa-Ottawa language, the largest component of the Ojibwa-Ottawa language, the Ojibwa language (also known as "Ojibwemowin"), which includes the Chippewa language (Southwestern Ojibwa), Western Ojibwa language (Saulteaux language or Plains Ojibwa language), Northwestern Ojibwa language, Central Ojibwa language, Mississauga language (Eastern Ojibwa language) and the Ottawa language, is spoken by 14,710 people in the United Stateshttp://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdf U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing,"Characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives by Tribe and Language: 2000". PHC-5. Washington, DC, 2003.] and by as many as 39,588 in Canada, making it one of the largest Algic languages by speakers. The various dialects are spoken in northern Montana, northern North Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin and Michigan in the United States, and north into eastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and Ontario in Canada. The second largest Ojibwa-Ottawa language component is the Severn Ojibwa language also known as the Oji-Cree language, Northern Ojibwa language, Anishinini language or "Anishininiimowin", spoken by as many as 12,600 people in eastern Manitoba and northern Ontario in Canada; it was one of only six indigenous languages in Canada to report an increase in use. The Ojibwa-Ottawa language also includes the Algonquin language, spoken by 2,680 people in northeastern Ontario and west-central Quebec; all languages similar to the Algonquin language are described as being an Algonquian language. Smaller branch of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, the Potawatomi language, spoken by approximately 1,000 people in Ontario, northeastern Wisconsin, Michigan, northern Indiana, northeastern Kansas and Oklahoma.

Well-known speakers of Anishinaabemowin

*Andrew Blackbird (chief, historian, cultural ambassador)
*Jim Clark (elder, narrator)
*George Copway (chief, missionary, writer, cultural ambassador)
*Basil H. Johnston (educator, curator, essayist, cultural ambassador)
*Peter Jones (missionary, reverend, chief)
*Maude Kegg (narrator, artist, cultural ambassador)
*Howard Kimewon (educator, author)
*Raymond Kiogima (elder, author)
*Patricia Ningewance Nadeau (educator, author, publisher)
*Margaret Noori (educator, writer)
*Jim Northrup (writer)
*Anton Treuer (educator, writer)

ee also

*Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
*Algonquian languages
*List of languages
*Ojibwa
*Anishinaabe
*Anishinaabe language dialects
*Ojibwe phonology
*Ojibwe grammar
*Ojibwe writing systems

References

* Mithun, Marianne. 1999. "The Languages of Native North America". Cambridge: University Press.
* Nichols, John D. and Earl Nyholm. 1995. "A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. "Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary". Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Valentine, J. Randolph. 2001. "Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar". Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Notes

Further reading

* Beardy, Tom. "Introductory Ojibwe in Severn dialect. Parts one and two". Thunder Bay, Ontario: Native Language Instructors' program, Lakehead University, 1996. ISBN 0886630185
* Cappel, Constance, editor, "Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima," Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2006.
* Northrup, Jim, Marcie R. Rendon, and Linda LeGarde Grover. "Nitaawichige = "to Do Something Skillfully" : Selected Poetry and Prose by Four Anishinaabe Writers". Duluth, Minn: Poetry Harbor, 2002. ISBN 1886895287
* Toulouse, Isadore. "Kidwenan An Ojibwe Language Book". Munsee-Delaware Nation, Ont: Anishinaabe Kendaaswin Pub, 1995. ISBN 1896027164
* Vizenor, Gerald Robert. "Summer in the Spring Anishinaabe Lyric Poems and Stories". American Indian literature and critical studies series, v. 6. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. ISBN 0806125187
* Williams, Angeline, Leonard Bloomfield, and John Nichols. "The Dog's Children Anishinaabe Texts". Winnipeg, Man: University of Manitoba Press, 1991. ISBN 0887551483

External links

* [http://www.ojibwe.net/ Noongwa e-Anishinaabemjig: People Who Speak Anishinaabemowin Today] - hosted at the University of Michigan
* [http://www.ojibwemowin.com/ Ojibwe Language Society]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ojibwelanguagesocietymiinawaa/ Ojibwe Language Group]
* [http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/ais301/index.html Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe]
* [http://weshki.googlepages.com/index.html Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries]
* [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary] — Freeware off-line dictionary, updated with additional entries every 6-10 weeks.
* [http://www.language-museum.com/o/ojibwa.htm Language Museum report for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/howed/abor_lang.htm Aboriginal Languages of Canada] — With data on speaker populations
* [http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/ojibway/anishinaabemowin.html Language Geek Page on Ojibwe] — Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
* [http://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/placenames.html Ojibwe Toponyms]
* [http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/saulteaux/saulteaux.html Our Languages: Nakawē] (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
* [http://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/Two_Women.html Niizh Ikwewag] — A short story in Ojibwe, originally told by Earl Nyholm, emeritus professor of Ojibwe at Bemidji State University.
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91082 Ethnologue report for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/curricul/ojibwe.pdf Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns, Ojibwe and Cree]
* [http://www.native-languages.org/ojibwe.htm Native Languages page for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89851668 Letter Men: Brothers Fight for Ojibwe Language] , a story broadcasted on Fresh Air, a National Public Radio broadcast show.
* [http://www.bemaadizing.org/ Bemaadizing: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indigenous Life] (An online journal)