Ottoman–Persian Wars

Below is the list of wars between the Ottoman Empire and Persia in the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging Persian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids espousing Shiism. A series of military conflicts ensued during which the two empires competed militarily for control over eastern Anatolia, Mesopotamia (Iraq) and the Caucasus). Hostilities continued during the reigns of the Persian Hotaki, Afsharid, Zand and Qajar dynasties.

Name of the war	Ottoman sultan	Persian shah	Treaty at the end of the war	Victor
War of 1514[1]	Selim I	Ismail I	None	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555[2]	Suleyman I	Tahmasp I	Treaty of Amasya (1555)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1578–1590[3]	Murad III	Abbas I	Treaty of Istanbul (1590)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1618, first stage	Ahmet I	Abbas I	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)	Persians
War of 1603–1618, second stage[4]	Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II	Abbas I	Treaty of Serav (1618)	Persians
War of 1623–1639[5]	Murad IV	Abbas I, Safi	Treaty of Zuhab (1639)	The Ottoman Empire
War of 1722–1727[6]	Ahmed III	Mahmud Hotaki, Ashraf Hotaki	Treaty of Hamedan (1727)	Ottoman victory due to Persia being occupied by the Russians from the north
War of 1730–1736, first stage	Ahmed III, Mahmud I	Tahmasp II	Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (1732)	Stalemate
War of 1730–1736, second stage[7]	Mahmud I	Abbas III, Nader Shah	Treaty of Istanbul (1736)	Persian victory due to the Russian's invasion of Ottoman states
War of 1743–1746[8]	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Kerden (1746)	Stalemate
War of 1821–1823[9]	Mahmud II	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	Treaty of Erzurum (1823)	Persians

Among the numerous treaties the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most important one, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders were agreed on. In the later treaties there were frequent references to Treaty of Zuhab.

References and notes

1. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340
2. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281
3. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25
4. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45
5. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82
6. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 288
7. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8
8. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25
9. ^ Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195