Samaria Ostraca

Samaria Ostraca

Ostraca of Samaria are Sixty-four legible ostraca which were found in Samaria. These are written in early Hebrew characters, which very closely resemble those of the Siloam Inscription, but show a slight development of the cursive script. These ostraca were found in the treasury of the palace of Ahab,king of Israel and probably date about his period, 850 B.C. At least they must all date prior to 750 BC, when the palace was destroyed.

Contents

Description

They are written on fragments of five different types of vessels—large thick amphorae, with a drab or grey surface; large thin amphorae, with a drab or grey surface; jugs of soft brown ware with a reddish slip; basins of the same ware; and bowls of coarse ware with a red or yellow slip, all of these presumably being vessels that were used in receiving and storing the revenue. Sherds with a smooth surface or a slip would naturally be preferred for writing.

These ostraca are evidently part of a somewhat clumsy method of book-keeping. Either they were a "day-book," notes of daily receipts to be written up in some form of "ledger" afterwards; or they were the sole record kept of the amount of wine and oil received in various years from various places. They may have been written and handed in by the givers, not by the receivers.

All of them began with a date, such as "In the ninth, tenth, or fifteenth year" presumably of the reign of Ahab. This is followed by the amount and quality of wine or oil received, with the name of the place where it came from and of the giver, such as "in the tenth year wine of Kerm-ha-Tell for a jar of fine oil" where evidently wine was accepted in place of fine oil. "A jar of old wine" and "a jar of fine oil" are the most usual descriptions.

Examples

File:Ostraca House Samaria - no° c1011.jpg Ostracon No. I contains a list of amounts paid in by five people. It reads : IN THE TENTH YEAR. To SHEMARYAU. FROM BEER-YAM Jars of Old Wine. Rage', son of Elisha'...... 'Uzza, son of ( ) .. i Eliba, son of ( ) i Ba'ala, son of Elisha...... i Yeda 'Yau, son of ( ) .. i

Ostracon No. 2 is a similar document: IN THE TENTH YEAR. To GADDIYAU. FROM AZAH Jars of Old Wine. Abi-ba'al Ahaz .. Sheba' Meriba'al

Ostracon, No. 18 In the tenth year. From Hazeroth to Gaddiyau. A jar of fine oil.

Ostracon, No- 30 In the fifteenth year. From Shemida to Hillez (son of) Gaddiyau. Gera (son of) Hanniab.

Samaria Ostracon, No. 55 In the tenth year. (From the) vineyard of Yehau-eli. A jar of fine oil.

Names of Places

Are the names of the villages or districts, and the other names are those of the peasant farmers who paid their taxes in the form of jars of wine. Of the places mentioned on these Ostraca, Shechem is the only one that can be identified with a text occurring in the Old Testament. In Kerm-ha-Tell, and Kerm-Yahu-'ali, the word Kerm must mean " the village, or vineyard," Tell means "mound". This locality may be the current Tul Karm in Samaria. Six of these place-names occur in the Old Testament as "tribal subdivisions of Manasseh", in Joshua xvii. 2. and Numbers xxvi. 28/:

  • Abi-'Ezer,
  • Khelek,
  • Shechem,
  • Shemida',
  • No'ah,
  • Hoglah.
Ostraca House samaria.jpg

The names of the seventeen places occurring on these Ostraca are

  • Shiftan, may be current village of Shoufa
  • Beer-yam
  • Azzo, may be current village of Azzon
  • Gib, may be current village of Gaba or Jaba'
  • Yasot, may be current village of Yasid
  • Azat Par'an (?),
  • Abi-'ezer,
  • Kerm-ha-Tell, may be current town of Tulkarm
  • Shemida',
  • Kheleq,
  • Khoglah,
  • No'ah Shekem,
  • Shereq.

Names of Royal Officials

These names are preceded by the word " to," indicating that they were the recipients.

The names occurring are :

  • Ba'alzamar (cf. Baal-saman, Stele of Zakir).
  • Akhino'am.
  • Shemaryau.
  • Gaddiyau.
  • Isha Akhimelek—/ Isha, son of Akhimelek.
  • Nimshi (?).
  • Bedyau (?).
  • Akhima.
  • Kheles.
  • Kheles Gaddiyau—i.e., Kheles, son of Gaddiyau.
  • Kheles Afsakh—/.*., Kheles, son of Afsakh.
  • Khanan Ba'ara.
  • Khanndno 'ana.
  • Yeda'yau.
  • Yeda'yau Akhimelek—; Yeda'yau son of Akhimelek.

Most of these names sound very unusual and un-Biblical. In form they recall more strongly names occurring in the Tell-el-Amarna Letters and the records of Thothmes III's conquests in Syria.

Names of the Tax Payers

Some of the names of tax-payers on these sherds are :

  • Names with " son of."
    • Rage' Elisha.
    • 'Alah Ela.
    • Gera Khaimi'ab.
    • Ye'ush of Yasheb (?)
  • Ba'al combinations
    • Ba'ala of El Mettan.
    • Ba'ala Elisha.
    • Ba'al B(asalme'oni ?)
    • Isha Ba'al'azkar.
    • Abi-Ba'al.
    • Meri-ba'al.
    • Ba'ala Za(kar).
  • Single.
    • Eliba.
    • Akhima.
    • Akhaz.
    • Sheba.
    • Qedar of Saq.
    • Uzza.
    • Kheles of Khaserot.
    • Akhzai of Khaserot.
  • ' Yau " Combinations.
    • Yeda'yau.
    • Gera Yauyosheb. (Gera son of Yauyosheb)
    • Mafna-yau Natao (son of) of Yasot,
    • Abed-yau. (Servant of Yau.)
    • Abi-yau. (Child of Yau.)
    • Marnayau Gaddiyau. (Marnayau son of Gaddiyau.)

In these personal names unfamiliar as most of them are, we are struck at once with the fact that Ba'al occurs in their formation with as great frequency as Yahveh or Yah appears in Biblical names of the Kingdom of Judah. It is significant of the influence of Sidonian worship of Ba'al in the Northern Kingdom. Yet, if the syllable "yau" is part of the word Yahveh, with " h " dropped out, it would appear that in some families the worship of Yahveh is also reflected in the family name.

These lists of names bear clear testimony as to the co-existence of Ba'al worship alongside of the worship of Jehovah in Northern Israel.

On the sherds found, the only years mentioned are the ninth, tenth, fifteenth, and seventeenth, and the only materials are wine and oil.

Biblical Names

The names Kheles, Akhinoam, Akhimelek, Kha-nan, Ba'ara (female), Gomer (female), Meribaal, are all Biblical, while Gaddiyau and Shemaryau are the northern forms of Gedaiah and Shemariah. Some of the Ba'al combinations are of course, Phoenician—e.g., Ba'alzamar. The names Abiba'al, Akhaz, Sheba9 Elisha, 9Uzza, Ela, Gera, Rafa, and Natan (Nathan), are all Biblical.

As no complete jar seems to have been found, it is impossible to say what the quantities were, nor can we say whether the jar of oil and the jar of wine were equivalent in value. The inscribed jar-handles of revenue jars found on Ophel appeared for several reasons to belong to jars of no great size, but here again no complete jar was found. No inscribed jar-handles, such as were found at Tel Gezer and the Ophel, were found at Samaria.

See also

  • List of artifacts significant to the Bible

Sources

  • Digging Up Biblical History Recent Archeology In Palestine And Its Bearing On The Old Testament Historical Narratives by J.Garrow Duncan

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • SAMARIA — (Heb. Shomron, modern Sebaste), city established as the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of Omri c. 884 B.C.E. Prior to the Omride period the site appears to have been the center of an extensive wine and oil production… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Samaria — Shomron redirects here. For the regional council, see Shomron Regional Council. For other uses, see Samaria (disambiguation). Map the Northern and Southern Kingdoms. Samaria was the capital of the Kingdom of Israel (in blue). 830s BC …   Wikipedia

  • Ostraca House — Ostraca of Samaria are Sixty four legible ostraca which were found in Samaria. These are written in early Hebrew characters, which very closely resemble those of the Siloam Inscription, but show a slight development of the cursive script. These… …   Wikipedia

  • OSTRACA — (Gr. ὄστρακον, plural ὄστρακα), ancient inscribed potsherds. Ostraca were common writing materials in antiquity which were used mainly for writing receipts, temporary records, lists of names, etc., but some letters written on potsherds have also… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Samaria — /seuh mair ee euh/, n. 1. a district in ancient Palestine: later part of the Roman province of Syria; taken by Jordan 1948; occupied by Israel 1967. 2. the northern kingdom of the ancient Hebrews; Israel. 3. the ancient capital of this kingdom. * …   Universalium

  • LACHISH OSTRACA — LACHISH OSTRACA, a collection of inscribed sherds discovered at lachish by J.L. Starkey . Eighteen were discovered in 1935 in a room adjacent to the city gate, among the ruins of stratum II, which was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia, and …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • ALPHABET, HEBREW — The origin of alphabetic script has always been a subject of human curiosity. According to Greek mythology, script was brought to Greece from Phoenicia. This tradition was accepted by the Greek and Roman writers, some of whom developed it even… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • WRITING — (Scripts, Materials, and Inscriptions). SCRIPTS AND MATERIALS General Survey From the end of the third millennium B.C.E., the art of writing was practiced in the ancient Near East (see alphabet ). Here, the pictographic, cuneiform, and… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL — samuel and the beginnings of israelite monarchy the united david solomon division of the the earliest kings the last days of samaria. the kingdom of judah until its destruction Samuel and Saul: The Beginnings of Israelite Monarchy Our earliest… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Biblical Hebrew — Biblical Hebrew, Classical Hebrew שְֹפַת כְּנַעַן, יְהוּדִית, (לְשוֹן) עִבְרִית …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”