Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević

Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (Bulldozer Revolution)
Location	FR Yugoslavia
Date	5 October 2000
Characteristics	Demonstrations, riots.
Death(s)	2 (nonviolence)

A series of events occurred in 2000 in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, following the presidential elections and culminating in the downfall of Slobodan Milošević's regime on 5 October 2000. It is sometimes referred to as the '5 October Overthrow' and sometimes colloquially called the 'Bager revolucija', translated into English as Bulldozer Revolution, after one of the most memorable episodes from the day long protest in which an engineering vehicle operator Ljubisav Đokić fired up his engine (which was actually neither bulldozer nor an excavator – "bager" in Serbian – but a wheel loader), and used it to charge the RTS building.

Events preceding the elections

While Milosevic's overthrow was widely reported as a spontaneous revolution, most of the world's news organizations missed the real story - a year-long battle involving thousands of Serbs in a calculated strategy to strip the tyrant of his legitimacy, turn his own police and army against him, and force him to call for elections, which he lost and then tried to steal..^[1]

Milosevic's popular support was declining even in 1998, when a dozen students met to form Otpor, Serbian for "resistance." Analyzing the mistakes of 1996-97, they realized they needed much better organization, a strategy, planning, recruiting, and all the other ingredients necessary for a sustained fight. Galvanized by outrage over new laws that imposed political control of their universities and harassed the independent media, the Otpor students called for the removal of Milosevic and the establishment of democracy and the rule of law.^[2]

Prior to this, Milošević was cracking down on opposition, non-government organizations and independent media. From 1991 onwards there were campaigns of civil resistance against his regime that were to culminate in the largely non-violent revolution of October 2000.^[3] As the end of his first term in office of the president of Yugoslavia approached (he had previously been elected president of Serbia in two terms, from 1990 to 1997), on 6 July 2000, the rules of the election of the president were changed. Whilst the president of Yugoslavia had previously been chosen for one term only by the legislature, in the Yugoslav parliament, it was now to be directly elected via the two-round voting system of presidential elections with a maximum of two terms. Many onlookers believed that Milošević's intentions for supporting such reforms had more to do with keeping his own power than with improved democracy.^[4] On 27 July 2000, the authorities announced that the early elections were to be held 24 September 2000, although Milošević's term wouldn't expire until June 2001. The elections for the upper house of the federal parliament, Council of Citizens (Veće građana), as well as the local elections were also scheduled to be held on the same date.

Soon after the announcement, the anti-regime youth movement Otpor led the campaign to topple the regime and bring in a more democratic one. To have a unified opposition, eighteen opposition parties in Serbia formed the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition, with Vojislav Koštunica as the candidate to confront Milošević. Apart from this, two major opposition parties, Serbian Radical Party and Serbian Renewal Movement also had their candidates (Tomislav Nikolić and Vojislav Mihailović, respectively), but the main battle of the elections was the one between Milošević and Koštunica. The election campaign lasted for about two months, and was extremely tense, with numerous incidents, accusations of treason, independent media shutdowns and even murders. On 25 August 2000, one month before elections, Ivan Stambolić, former president of the Presidency of Serbia, and Milošević associate turned DOS supporter, was kidnapped and murdered by Special Operations Unit officers. In 2005, the court found that the order for Stambolić's assassination came from Milošević.^[5]

Elections

Main article: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia presidential election, 2000

The vote took place on 24 September 2000. The DOS coalition reported that Vojislav Koštunica won over half of the votes. The regime-controlled Federal Electoral Committee claimed that no candidate won over 50% of the votes and that a second round between Koštunica and Milošević would take place. The vote was largely boycotted in Montenegro and by Kosovo Albanians. Yet, Milošević officially won by large margin in these parts of the country. This obvious discrepancy and numerous irregularities made the accusations of a systematic election fraud stronger and have led DOS to call for peaceful protest to topple the regime.

Some obvious irregularities could be found in the Federal Electoral Committee official results. For example, the sum of the numbers of valid and invalid votes wasn't equal to the number of voters; the sum of the numbers of the voters voting at the polling stations and the voters voting at home exceeded the total number of voters; the sum of the numbers of the used and the unused ballot papers was short by 117,244 in comparison to the number of eligible voters, the number of eligible voters was different from the one announced before the elections and has differed in the presidential, federal and local elections results, etc.^[6] All of these discrepancies provoked massive outrage. The results were declared false immediately after Milošević was overthrown and the new official results were declared shortly afterwards. The new results were practically the same, except for the number of total votes and the votes for Milošević, both of which were lower by 125,000–130,000 votes, thus making Koštunica an absolute first-round election winner.

Differences between the official results proclaimed by Federal Electoral Committee before and after 5 October

		Official results (28 September 2000)[7]		Official results (10 October 2000)[8]
Candidate	Nominator	Votes	%	Votes	%
Vojislav Koštunica	Democratic Opposition of Serbia	2,474,392	48.96	2,470,304	50.24
Slobodan Milošević	Socialist Party of Serbia	1,951,761	38.62	1,826,799	37.15
Tomislav Nikolić	Serbian Radical Party	292,759	5.79	289,013	5.88
Vojislav Mihailović	Serbian Renewal Movement	146,585	2.90	145,019	2.95
Miodrag Vidojković	Affirmative Party	46,421	0.92	45,964	0.93
Total valid votes (Percentage of total votes)		4,911,918	97.20	4,778,929	97.19
Invalid votes (Percentage of total votes)		135,371	2.68	137,991	2.81
Total votes (Turnout)		5,053,428	69.70	4,916,920	71.55
Eligible voters		7,249,831	/	6,871,595	/

Protests and the overthrow

Map of significant buildings during the protests

The protest initially started with strikers at the Kolubara mines, which produce most of Serbia's electricity needs. The protest reached its height on 5 October 2000. Several hundred thousand protesters from all over Serbia arrived in Belgrade to protest. Unlike previous protests, there was no large scale police crackdown. The parliament was partially burned during the protests.

The protest is frequently named the "Bulldozer Revolution" after one of the most memorable episodes from the day long protest in which an engineering vehicle operator Ljubisav Đokić nicknamed Joe fired up his engine (actually neither an excavator nor bulldozer but a wheel loader, the event name is inaccurate out of convenience) and used it to charge the RTS building. Its tenant, Serbian state television RTS, had for a decade been a symbol and bastion of Milošević's rule. When the RTS studios were taken over, the station was quickly renamed "Novi RTS" ("New RTS") as a sign that the regime had lost power.

Although the protest was mostly peaceful, without a larger escalation of violence, two people died. Jasmina Jovanović fell under a wheel loader^[9] or, according to other sources, a truck^[10], and Momčilo Stakić succumbed to a fatal heart attack.^[11] 65 persons were injured in the riots.^[10]

In the time between elections and the protest, Milošević said that he would gladly resign but only when his term expired in June of the following year. Due to pressure caused by the protests, Milošević resigned on 7 October 2000.

Aftermath

A DOS victory was guaranteed in parliamentary elections in December, where they achieved a two-thirds majority. On 1 April 2001, Milošević was arrested by Serbian police and was subsequently transferred to The Hague to be prosecuted by the ICTY. He died in his cell on 11 March 2006, few months before his trial's conclusion.

Further reading

• Pavol Demes and Joerg Forbrig (eds.). Reclaiming Democracy: Civil Society and Electoral Change in Central and Eastern Europe. German Marshall Fund, 2007.

See also

• 9 March 1991 protest
• 1996-97 protests in Serbia
• Civil resistance

References

1. ^ [1]; "Bringing Down The Dictator", Steve York, PBS,April, 2003
2. ^ [2]; "Bringing Down The Dictator", Steve York, PBS,April, 2003
3. ^ Ivan Vejvoda, “Civil Society vs. Milošević: Serbia, 1991–2000”, in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 295–316.[3]
4. ^ "Milosevic: No signs of bowing out". BBC News. 6 July 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/822194.stm. 
5. ^ "Ulemeku 40 godina, Markoviću 15" (in Serbian). B92. 18 July 2005. http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?dd=18&mm=7&yyyy=2005. 
6. ^ "What Has Made The Federal Electoral Committee Change the Laws of Addition?" (in Serbian). CeSID. 2 October 2000. http://www.cesid.org/vest.jsp?id=178. 
7. ^ Federal Electoral Committee: Official results of the election (web site of the Government of Serbia, 28 September 2000) (Serbian)
8. ^ ElectionGuide.org: Serbia and Montenegro
9. ^ "Otkriven spomenik Jasmini Jovanović". B92. 5 October 2002. http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2002&mm=10&dd=05&nav_id=72070.  (Serbian)
10. ^ ^{a b} "Parties, citizens mark 5 October". B92. 5 October 2007. http://www.b92.net//eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=10&dd=05&nav_category=90&nav_id=44315. 
11. ^ "Momčilo Stakić umro na ulicama Beograda". Glas javnosti. 6 October 2000. http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/10/07/srpski/P00100607.shtm.  (Serbian)

External links

• BBC: Timeline of an uprising
• Bringing Down A Dictator – the story about the events pictured in the movie
• Kamenko Pajić: Fall of Slobodan Milošević – pictures
• YouTube video of the events