Amphisbaena ridleyi

Amphisbaena ridleyi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Amphisbaenia
Family:	Amphisbaenidae
Genus:	Amphisbaena
Species:	A. ridleyi
Binomial name
Amphisbaena ridleyi Boulenger, 1890[1]

Amphisbaena ridleyi, known by the common names Ridley's worm lizard or the Noronha worm lizard, is a species of amphisbaenian in the genus Amphisbaena that is endemic to the island of Fernando de Noronha off the coast of Brazil. It is one of two indigenous reptiles on the island.

Taxonomy

Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci may have visited Fernando de Noronha in 1503. In an account of his voyage, the authenticity of which is doubtful, he records "some snakes" from the island. Although Amphisbaena ridleyi is not a snake, the difference would be clear only to a herpetologist, and it is likely that Vespucci's men actually saw A. ridleyi. He also recorded "lizards with two tails" and "very big rats", which can be identified with Trachylepis atlantica and Noronhomys vespuccii.^[2]

In 1887, botanist Henry Nicholas Ridley collected 16 specimens on Fernando de Noronha, which were deposited in the British Museum of Natural History, and in 1890, George Albert Boulenger officially described it as Amphisbaena ridleyi, naming it after Ridley.^[3] The generic name Amphisbaena is a compound of two Greek words: αμφις (amphis), meaning "both ways", and βαινειν (bainein), meaning "to go". This is in reference to the appearance of having a head on either end of its body, meaning the animal can "go either way".^[4] In 1945, a Lt. Finley acquired five individuals and in 1973, ornithologist Storrs L. Olson collected 12 additional examples, which are now in the United States National Museum.^[3]

Distribution

Morro de Pico

This amphisbaenian is found on the island of Fernando de Noronha, a small volcanic archipelago in the equatorial South Atlantic 345 km off the northeastern Brazilian coast. It is common in suitable habitat;^[2] Olson reported that it could easily be found in forests by turning over stones.^[3] Malathronas mentions that they can be seen basking in the sun on Morro de Pico.^[5]

Description

Despite a superficial resemblance to primitive snakes, amphisbaenians such as Amphisbaena ridleyi have features which distinguish them from other reptiles. Internally, their right lung is reduced in size to fit their narrow bodies, whereas in snakes, it is the left lung that is reduced in size.^[6] The typical length for this species is 250 millimetres (9.8 in).^[3]

Amphisbaena ridleyi has a stout head with a broad snout, not set off from the neck.^[7] Most of the skull is solid bone, and they have a distinctive single median tooth in the upper jaw. They have no outer ears, and the eyes are deeply recessed and covered with skin and scales. The body is elongated, and the tail truncates in a manner that vaguely resembles the head. They lack legs but have remnants of the pelvic and pectoral girdles embedded within their body musculature.^[7] Their tail is only loosely attached to their bodies, and they move using an accordion-like motion, in which the skin moves and the body seemingly just drags along behind it. They are also able to effectively perform this locomotion in reverse.^[8]

Diet

Amphisbaena ridleyi is carnivorous, and has blunt, interlocking, teeth, meant for crushing their prey, primarily snails (Hyperaulax ridleyi) but their diet includes other invertebrates. It is the only amphisbaenian known to have specializations for eating hard food such as snails.^[3] In periods of drought Amphisbaena ridleyi climbs the trunks of Mulungu trees to obtain nectar from the flowers.^[5]

See also

• List of reptiles of Brazil

References

1. ^ Ridley, Henry; Boulenger, George (1890). "Notes on the Zoology of Fernando Noronha". The Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology (London) 20: 481–482. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Carleton, M.D. and Olson, S.L. 1999. Amerigo Vespucci and the rat of Fernando de Noronha: a new genus and species of Rodentia (Muridae, Sigmodontinae) from a volcanic island off Brazil's continental shelf. American Museum Novitates 3256:1–59.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Pregill, Gregory (1984). "Durophagous Feeding Adaptations in an Amphisbaenid". Journal of Herpetology (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles) 18 (2): 186–191. JSTOR 1563747. 
4. ^ O' Shea, Mark (2007). Boas and Pythons of the World. New Holland Publishers Ltd. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1845375447. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Malathronas, John (2008). Wildlife Guide: Brazil. San Diego: Globetrotter. pp. 144. ISBN 978-1847731357. 
6. ^ Gans, Carl (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G.. ed. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 212–215. ISBN 0-12-178560-2. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Gans, Carl; Mathers, Sandra (1977). "Amphisbaena medemi, an interesting new species from Colombia (Amphisbaenia, Reptilia), with a key to the amphisbaenians of the Americas". FIELDIANA Zoology (Field Museum of Natural History) 72 (2): 40. 
8. ^ Gans, Carl (1963). "Redescription of Amphisbaena ridleyi Boulenger". Copeia (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists) 1963 (1): 102–107. JSTOR 1441276. 

External links

Data related to Amphisbaena ridleyi at Wikispecies