Nong Chan Refugee Camp

Nong Chan Refugee Camp was one of the earliest organized refugee camps on the Thai-Cambodian border, where thousands of Khmer refugees sought food and health care after fleeing the Vietnamese invasion of Democratic Kampuchea in 1979. It was destroyed by the Vietnamese military in late 1984, after which its population was transferred to Site Two Refugee Camp.

History

A Khmer Serei camp was established near the Thai village of Ban Nong Chan sometime in the 1950s by Cambodians opposed to the rule of Prince Norodom Sihanouk.^[1] It was populated mainly by bandits and smugglers until the mid-1970s, when refugees fleeing from the Khmer Rouge formed a resistance movement there.^[2] On June 8, 1979 the Thai military transported several thousand refugees from Nong Chan to the border town of Preah Vihear where the refugees were forcibly repatriated into a minefield on the Cambodian side of the border.^[3]

In late August 1979 Kong Sileah, a former Naval officer, established the MOULINAKA resistance force at Nong Chan. Kong Sileah insisted that his approximately 100 guerrillas stay separate from the 13,000 civilians in the camp; he became known for integrity in his dealings with aid agencies.^[4] Encouraged by the good order of the camp, the ICRC built a hospital there.^[5]

On November 8, 1979 a fight broke out in the camp when a Thai soldier was accused of raping a Khmer woman and was shot to death. The Thai military commander Colonel Prachak Sawaengchit ordered his troops to shell Nong Chan^[6] (known at that time as Camp 511^[7]), killing about 100 refugees. The incident received international attention because First Lady Rosalynn Carter was scheduled to visit Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp on the following day.^[8]

Robert Ashe's "Land Bridge"

Food distribution

In November 1979 Kong Sileah met with Robert Patrick Ashe, a five-year veteran of humanitarian work in Thailand and suggested that food should be distributed at Nong Chan for Cambodians to take home to the interior. This initiated the famous “land bridge”, a fairly successful attempt to distribute food, farm tools and seeds to Khmers living inside Kampuchea.^[9] Starting on December 12, Ashe and Kong Sileah organized orderly distributions using camp administrators to give between 10 and 30 kilograms of rice to people arriving from inside Cambodia. These travelers arrived on foot, by bicycle, and in oxcarts. By Christmas 1979 twelve truckloads of rice were being distributed daily to over 6,000 people.^[10]

Van Saren, a warlord in the neighboring camp of Mak Mun who had made a fortune selling rice that had been distributed by aid agencies, decided that Nong Chan represented a threat to his power, as the price of rice fell dramatically once the land bridge began operating. He attacked Nong Chan on December 30, purportedly with the aid of the Royal Thai Army^[11] and burned down the hospital. Food distribution resumed a few days after Van Saren's attack, and by mid-January 10,000 people a day were receiving rice. Kong Sileah left the camp and moved with his soldiers into the interior of occupied Kampuchea, living in rustic conditions in the forest, a factor which may have contributed to his death from cerebral malaria on August 16, 1980. After this, Nong Chan came under the control of Chea Chhut, a warlord with fewer scruples than Kong Sileah.

Seed distribution

In February 1980 CARE proposed distributing seed rice in addition to food rice.^[12] Numerous predictions of a widespread famine in Kampuchea spurred UNICEF, the FAO, ICRC, the WFP, and several nongovernmental aid agencies to support the seed-distribution program.^[13] After a trial distribution of 220 tons of rice seeds at Nong Chan on March 21, World Relief and CARE each distributed 2000 tons of rice seed to over 68,000 farmers in early April.^[14] Many farmers who received seed at Nong Chan complained that they did not have the tools with which to plant the rice. World Relief, Christian Outreach and Oxfam responded in May by distributing hoe heads, plow tips, rope, fishnets, and fishhooks, as well as oxcarts.^[15] During that month 340,000 people received food and seeds at Nong Chan.^[16]

UNICEF and the ICRC were initially opposed to a large seed distribution program because they feared that it would attract farmers permanently into the camps, having made the journey to the border, although others argued that It was the only way to provide farmers with an incentive to remain on the land. The ICRC was also particularly wary about running a large-scale operation without first assessing the attitude of the Heng Samrin government. ICRC therefore attempted to restrict hoarding and to keep the scale of the program small by imposing ceilings on both the total quantities of seed that could be distributed and on levels of distribution in any one day. UNICEF and WFP at first shared ICRC's caution but became more relaxed after it became clear that the Heng Samrin government had no strong objections to the program.^[17] Although the Vietnam-backed government in Phnom Penh refused to allow CARE and ICRC to distribute seed rice inside Kampuchea, officials did not prevent Khmer villagers from traveling to Nong Chan to receive rice, and in a few cases actually encouraged it.^[18]

What the Land Bridge achieved

The seed distribution at the land bridge finally ended on June 20, having given out some 25,521 tons of seed, along with tools and even fertilizer. The 1980 harvest in Kampuchea, although less than half of prewar levels, far exceeded expectations.^[19] Approximately 50,000 tons of food rice were also handed out to over 700,000 Cambodians^[20] before the food distribution program ended on January 23, 1981.^[21] Although critics charge that much of this rice was resold or used to supply troops in both Thailand and Cambodia,^[22][23][24] the land bridge was considered a success, principally because it encouraged Cambodians to remain on their farms instead of moving to the refugee camps in Thailand. In mid-1980, Robert Patrick Ashe was awarded the MBE (Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) for his work among refugees.

1980 Vietnamese incursion

On June 23, 1980 about 200 Vietnamese soldiers attacked Mak Mun and Nong Chan, forcing hundreds of refugees back into Kampuchea and executing hundreds more who resisted.^[25] Khmer soldiers at Nong Chan put up a vigorous defense, but some 400 refugees were killed and another 458 were treated at Khao-I-Dang hospital. Nong Chan was later recaptured by Thai forces after the Vietnamese withdrew on June 24.^[26] Many refugees moved to the nearby Nong Samet Refugee Camp. On June 26 Robert Ashe, Dr. Pierre Perrin (ICRC Medical Coordinator) and two journalists (George Lienemann and Richard Franken)^[27][28] were captured by the Vietnamese and marched about 25 kilometers inside Kampuchea through torrential rain and with no shelter at night.^[29] Ashe later noted, "It was the first holiday I'd had in six months." Arriving in the Cambodian town of Nimitt he was interrogated by a Vietnamese officer as to whether food aid was going to anticommunist guerrillas,^[30] and after four days they were freed and allowed to walk over the bridge at the border back into Thailand^[31] [1].

Nong Chan as a base for the KPNLAF

Towards the end of 1980 Chea Chhut was persuaded by General Dien Del to join forces with the KPNLF and at the end of 1982 Nong Chan became the KPNLAF’s military headquarters, although Ampil Camp remained the administrative headquarters until it was destroyed in early 1985. Nong Chan housed the KPNLAF’s 3rd, 7th and 9th battalions and a “Special Forces” unit that was being trained by the SAS for sabotage operations inside Cambodia.^[32]

Because of its strategic importance to the KPNLAF, 4000 Vietnamese troops supported by artillery and T-54 tanks attacked Nong Chan again and destroyed it on January 31, 1983. Ground fighting was reported outside the camp between Vietnamese troops based in Cambodia and about 2000 KPNLF guerrillas.^[33] At the same time the Vietnamese kept up a steady barrage of shells, rockets and mortars, killing a 66-year-old Thai farmer and damaging several houses and a Buddhist temple in a neighboring Thai village.^[34]

A large portion of the 49,000 Khmer in the camp were relocated out of Nong Chan just hours before the Vietnamese assault.^{[citation needed]} Many of the civilians who remained behind were families of KPNLF soldiers. In the midst of the ensuing Vietnamese artillery barrage, Chea Chhut personally led the remaining population of about 24,000 across an open field to safety on the Thai side of the border.^{[citation needed]} Casualties are unknown. Meanwhile MOULINAKA units were brushed aside, and KPNLF forces withdrew after a 36-hour fight. The Khao-I-Dang ICRC hospital received over 100 civilian wounded.^[34] Soon, however, the camp was reoccupied and rebuilt.

Destruction of the camp

Between 1980 and 1984 the camp was a frequent target of Vietnamese attacks. It was finally assaulted by over 2000 Vietnamese troops from the PAVN's 9th Division on November 18, 1984^[35] and definitively abandoned as of November 30 [2]. The camp's population of 30,000 refugees was evacuated to Site 3 (Ang Sila), a laterite quarry about four kilometers to the west. A new camp was established at Site 6 (Prey Chan). Many of these refugees ended up in Khao-I-Dang Holding Center, and the remainder were resettled at Site Two Refugee Camp in mid-1985.^[36]

External links

External images
	David Hillman's photos of food distribution at Nong Chan in 1983
	Photos of Nong Chan Rice Distribution by Roland Neveu.
	Photo of Robert Patrick Ashe during food distribution at Nong Chan taken by Timothy Carney. In Kampuchea, Balance of Survival (Bangkok, 1981).

• Columbia University's Forced Migration website
• Thai-Cambodian Border Camps
• Recollections of Nong Chan by former Vietnamese Refugees (in Vietnamese)
• "Courage," Article on Robert Patrick Ashe's capture by Vietnamese soldiers, Coventry Evening Telegraph, March 10, 1981.
• "Mr. Robert's Refugees," article by Victoria Butler on Robert Patrick Ashe's Land Bridge in Reader's Digest, February 1983.
• Video in French featuring shots of Sa Kaeo, Khao-I-Dang and Nong Chan and an interview with Kong Sileah some 40 days before his death.

Further reading

• Ho, Minfong (1993) The Clay Marble, a fictional account of a refugee's experiences at Nong Chan Refugee Camp, authored by an aid worker who worked there. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR).
• Levy, B. S. and D. C. Susott (1987). Years of Horror, Days of Hope: Responding to the Cambodian Refugee Crisis. Millwood, N.Y., Associated Faculty Press.
• Neveu, Roland, and Davies B. Cambodia: The Years of Turmoil. Asia Horizons Books Co., 2000.
• Isaacs A. R. Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos. Boston, MA: Boston Pub. Co., 1987.
• Thompson, Larry Clinton. Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975-1982. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010.
• Carney T. M. Kampuchea, Balance of Survival. Bangkok: Distributed in Asia by DD Books, 1981.
• Shawcross W. The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.

References

1. ^ Reynell, J. Political Pawns: Refugees on the Thai-Kampuchean Border. Oxford: Refugee Studies Programme, 1989, p. 32.
2. ^ Mason L, Brown R. Rice, Rivalry, and Politics: Managing Cambodian Relief. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983, p. 50.
3. ^ Shawcross, W. The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984, p. 88.
4. ^ Shawcross, p. 228.
5. ^ Shawcross, p. 231.
6. ^ Pilger, John, Heroes, South End Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001, p. 421.
7. ^ Burgess, John "Thais Blamed in Shelling Deaths at Refugee Camp," The Washington Post, November 9, 1979, p. 1.
8. ^ Shawcross, p. 189.
9. ^ Shawcross, p. 230.
10. ^ Mason and Brown, p. 51.
11. ^ Mason and Brown, p. 52.
12. ^ Mason and Brown, p. 93.
13. ^ Shawcross, p. 290.
14. ^ Mason and Brown, p. 107.
15. ^ Shawcross, p. 294.
16. ^ UNICEF internal document, 9 December 1980, cited in Mason and Brown, p. 208.
17. ^ Benson C. The Changing Role of NGOs in the Provision of Relief and Rehabilitation Assistance: Case Study 2: Cambodia / Thailand. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1993, p. 35.
18. ^ Shawcross, p. 291.
19. ^ Shawcross, p. 299.
20. ^ Shawcross, p. 396.
21. ^ Carney, Tim, Kampuchea, Balance of Survival. DD Books, Bangkok, 1981, p. 75.
22. ^ "Seeds of Sorrow," Newsweek, April 15, 1980.
23. ^ "Seeds of Survival," Far Eastern Economic Review, May 2, 1980.
24. ^ Danois, Jacques, Bangkok Post, May 12, 1980.
25. ^ Bangkok Post, 25 June 1980.
26. ^ Kamm, Henry, New York Times, June 24, 1980.
27. ^ "Ashe Personal Risk to Achieve Humane Tasks," The Nation, Bangkok, June 29, 1980.
28. ^ "Americans Captured by Vietnamese Forces," Ellsburg Daily Record, June 27, 1980, p. 1.
29. ^ Vietnam Said to Seize Photographers and Relief Workers at Thai Border; U.S. Envoy Asks Halt Border Is Reported Crossed Repatriation Is Denounced, June 27, 1980, Friday; Page A6, 647 words
30. ^ "Courage that Spelt Relief for Starving," Coventry Evening Telegraph, March 10, 1981.
31. ^ “Viets Free Americans after Four Days,” The Hour, June 30, 1980, p. 6.
32. ^ Justus van der Kroeff, "Cambodia," in Radu M, Arnold A. The New Insurgencies: Anticommunist Guerrillas in the Third World. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1990, pp. 218-19.
33. ^ Van der Kroeff, J. "Refugees and Rebels: Dimensions of the Thai-Kampuchean Border Conflict," Asian Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Spring. 1983), pp. 19-36.
34. ^ ^{a b} Vietnam Troops Attack Cambodia Refugee Camp, Reuters, Published: Tuesday, February 1, 1983
35. ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nicholas, "Rebels at Nong Chan Hold Out: Assault by Vietnamese Troops on the Kampuchean Resistance Base," The Guardian, November 26, 1984.
36. ^ French LC. Enduring Holocaust, Surviving History: Displaced Cambodians on the Thai-Camobodian Border, 1989-1991. Harvard University, 1994.