Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz

Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (May 23, 1606 in Madrid — September 8, 1682 in Vigevano) was a Spanish Catholic ecclesiastic and writer.

Life

He was a precocious child, early delving into serious problems in mathematics and even publishing astronomical tables in his tenth year. After receiving a superficial education at college, where his unusual ability brought rapid advancement, this prodigy turned his attention to the Asiatic languages, especially Chinese. He was received into the Cistercian Order at the monastery of La Espina, in the diocese of Palencia, and after ordination entered upon a varied and brilliant career.

His sermons attracted the favorable attention of the Infante Ferdinand, Governor of the Low Countries, while he was attached to the monastery of Dunes in Flanders, and in 1638 he was honored with the degree of Doctor of Theology by the University of Louvain. When he was obliged to leave the Palatinate, Philip IV of Spain made him his envoy to the court of Emperor Ferdinand III. He was in turn Abbot of Melrose, Scotland (Scotland), Abbot-Superior of the Benedictines of Vienna, and Grand-Vicar to the Archbishop of Prague.

In 1648, when the Swedes attacked Prague, he armed and led a band of ecclesiastics who did yeoman service in the defence of the city. His bravery on this occasion merited for him a collar of gold from the emperor. Soon after he became Bishop of Königratz, then Archbishop of Otranto, and at his death was Bishop of Vigevano.

Works

His books are even more numerous than his titles and his varied achievements; for, according to Jean-Noël Paquot, he published no less than 262 works on grammar, poetry, oratory, mathematics, astronomy, architecture, physics, politics, canon law, logic, metaphysics, theology and asceticism. He loved to defend novel theories, and in "Theologia moralis ad prima atque clarissima principia reducta" (Louvain, 1643) tried to solve theological problems by mathematical rules. He was a leading exponent of probabilism and his permissive moral opinions were criticized in Pascal's "Provincial Letters" and gained for him from Alphonsus Liguori the title of "Prince of the Laxists".

His mathematical work centered on combinatorics and he was one of the early writers on probability, republishing Huygens's work on dice with helpful explanations.

Printed Works

*"Philippus Prudens", Antwerp, 1639.
*"Respuesta al Manifiesto del Reyno de Portugal", Antwerp, 1641.
*"Rationalis et realis philosophia", Louvain, 1642.
*"Theologia moralis fundamentalis, praeterintentionalis, decalogica, sacramentalis, canonica, regularis, civilis, militaris", Frankfurt, 1652-1653.
*"Theologia rationalis" Frankfurt, 1654-1655.
*"Theologia moralis fundamentalis", editio secunda, Rome, 1656.
*"Primus calamus ob oculos ponens metametricam, quae variis currentium, recurrentium, adscendentium, descendentium, nec-non circumvolantium versuum ductibus, aut aeri incisos, aut buxo insculptos, aut plumbo infusos, multiformes labyrinthos exponat", Rome, 1663.
*"Mathesis biceps, vetus et nova", Campagna - Lyons, 1670.
*"Architectura civil recta y obliqua", Vigevano, 1678.

References

*D. Pastine, "Juan Caramuel : Probabilismo ed Enciclopedia", Florence, La Nuova Italia, 1975.
*D. Pastine, "Dello scetticismo e del probabilismo all'operatività : Juan Caramuel", "Rivista critica di storia della filosofia" 30 (1975), p. 411-419.
*P. Bellazi, "Juan Caramuel", Vigevano, Editrice Opera Diocesana - Buona Stampa, 1982.
*J. Velarde Lombraña, "Juan Caramuel. Vida y obra", Oviedo, Pentalfa, 1989.
*P. Pissavino (ed.), "Le meraviglie del probabile. Juan Caramuel (1606-1682). Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Vigevano 29-31 ottobre 1982", Vigevano, Comune di Vigevano, 1990.
*U. G. Leinsle (2000), "Maria als Gegenstand der Philosophie. Zu Caramuels 'Philosophia Mariana'", in "Den Glauben Verantworten. Bleibende und neue Herausforderungen für die Theologie zur Jahrtausendwende. Festschrift für Heinrich Petri", ed. E. Möde & Th. Schieder, Paderborn-München-Wien-Zürich, Ferdinand Schöningh, 2000, p. 59-66.
*J. Franklin, "The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal", Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
*J. Schmutz, "Juan Caramuel on the Year 2000 : Time and Possible Worlds in Early-Modern Scholasticism" in "The Medieval Concept of Time. The Scholastic Debate and Its Reception in Early Modern Philosophy", ed. P. Porro, Leiden-New York-Köln, Brill, 2001, p. 399-434.
*A. Catalano, "Juan Caramuel Lobkovitz (1606-1682) e la riconquista delle coscienze in Boemia", "Römische Historiche Mitteilungen" 44 (2002), p. 339-392.
*J. Fleming, "Juan Caramuel on the Nature of Extrinsic Probability", "Studia Moralia" 42 (2004), p. 337-360.
*L. Robledo, "El cuerpo como discurso, retórica, predicación y comunicación non verbal en Caramuel", "Criticón" 84-85 (2002), p. 145-164.
*Y. Schwartz, ed. & transl., "Ioannes Caramuel Lobkowitz. On Rabbinic Atheism", translated from the Latin with Introduction by M.-J. Dubois, A. Wohlman, Y. Schwartz, Notes to the text by Y. Schwartz, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2005 [in Hebrew] .
*A. Serrai, "Phoenix Europae. Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz in prospettiva bibliografica", Milan, Edizioni Sylvestre Bonnard, 2005.
*H. W. Sullivan, "Fray Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, O.Cist.: The Prague Years, 1647-1659", in "Corónente tus hazañas". Studies in Honor of John Jay Allen", ed. M. J. McGrath, Newark (DE), Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Studies, 2005, p. 339-374.
*P. Dvorák, "Jan Caramuel z Lobkovic : Vybrané aspekty formální a aplikované logiky [John Caramuel : Various Aspects of Formal and Applied Logic] ", Prague, Oikumene, 2006.
*J. Schmutz, "Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (1606-82)", in "Centuriae latinae II. Cent et une figures humanistes de la Renaissance aux Lumières, à la mémoire de Marie-Madeleine de la Garanderie", ed. C. Nativel, Geneva, Droz, 2006, p. 182-202.
*J. Fleming, "Defending Probabilism: The Moral Theology of Juan Caramuel", Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2006.
*P. Dvorák, "Relational logic in Juan Caramuel" in: "Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic", Volume 2 (Handbook of the History of Logic) ed. D. M. Gabby, J. Woods, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 2008 pp. 645-666.

External links

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03329c.htm Article on Caramuel] from "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1911)
* [http://www.flu.cas.cz/dscef/caramuel.html Caramuel Conference, Prague 2006]
* [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/caramuel/ Caramuel Electronicus (Works and Bibliography), by Jacob Schmutz]