- Kalabari Kingdom
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Elem Calabari — Traditional state — Ijaw States, including Kalabari
Coordinates: 4°34′6″N 6°58′34″E / 4.56833°N 6.97611°ECoordinates: 4°34′6″N 6°58′34″E / 4.56833°N 6.97611°E Country Nigeria State Rivers State Government – Amanyanabo Amakiri XI (Theophilus J.T. Princewill) Time zone WAT (UTC+1) The Kalabari Kingdom, also called Elem Kalabari (New Shipping Port), or New Calabar by the Europeans, was an independent trading state of the Kalabari people , an Ijaw ethnic group, in the Niger River Delta. Today it is recognized as a traditional state in what is now Rivers State, Nigeria.
Contents
People and customs
According to one tradition, the Kalabari people originally came from Calabar (called "Old Calabar" by the Europeans), a site further to the east occupied by Efik people. This may have been a 19th century invention. The Efik themselves say the name "Calabar" was given to their town by the Europeans.[1] Other traditions say Kalabari was founded by Ijo settlers from Amafo, on the west bank of the New Calabar River, and that they were joined there by settlers from other communities.[1]
The people occupied a series of islands among the mangrove swamps of the delta, where they engaged in fishing and trading.[2] They would take the produce of the delta region up the New Calabar and Imo rivers, and exchange them for food and goods of the hinterland.[1] In the 15th century, the early European traders noted that they alone of the delta people refused to trade on credit.[2]
The people of Elem Kalabari originally worshipped the goddess Owemenakaso (or Awamenakaso, Akaso), the mother of all the deities of the Kalabari clan, even when individual settlements had their own local gods and goddesses. She opposed war and bloodshed, and the Kalabari later claimed she was the sister of the British goddess Brittana, who ruled the seas. Among their neighbors, because of their civilized and generally peaceful behavior the Kalabari were called "Englishmen".[3]
History
Mask, Kalabari Ijo peoples, Nigeria, Early 20th century, Wood, pigment (National Museum of African Art)
A ruler named King Owerri Daba was said to have brought the slave trade to Kalabari and Bonny, and to have founded the houses of Duke Monmouth and Duke Africa. This happened some time before 1699, since James Barbot records giving presents to Duke Monmouth of Kalabari in that year.[1] Kalabari became an entrepôt of the Atlantic slave trade, mainly selling slaves purchased from Igboland, further to the north.[4]
Amakiri I, who died around 1800, was the founder of the dynasty that bears his name. Most of the major trading houses expanded during his reign.[5] In the 19th century, the Kalabari Kingdom was in the center of a power struggle in the east of the delta. Elem Kalabari fought against the Nembe Kingdom to the west, the Kingdom of Bonny to the southeast and Okrika to the northeast.[4] The main rival was Okrika, which had the potential to block Kalabari's access to the interior.[1] The Kalabari brought their goods down to Elem Ifoko, at the mouth of the New Calabar river, but refused to go the seven more miles to Bonny for the convenience of the European traders.[1]
In July 1863, the feud with the Nembe people of Brass flared up, with the Nembe the decisive victors. By December 1865 the Okrika had started ambushing Kalabari trading canoes, and Bonny was threatening to join in since Kalabari was blocking their passage through Kalabari territory. The British consul had to intervene to prevent further hostilities.[1] When Jubo Jubogha ("Ja-Ja") moved from Bonny in 1869 and established the separate state of Opobo, he became an ally of Kalabari. Bonny now began a more serious push into Kalabari territory to recover from loss of trade to Opobo.[4] In 1873 a perpetual treaty of peace was signed between Kalabari and Bonny on the same day that a treaty was signed between two rival factions within Kalabari.[1]
Neither of these treaties was observed. In July 1882 the British consul had to intervene again in the struggle with Bonny.[1] From 1882 to 1884 two factions of the royal family continued to struggle for control. The Amakiri faction succeeeded, while the Barboy or Will Braide group moved to the new settlement of Bakana. Soon after, the victors also evacuated Elem Kalabari, moving to the new capital of Buguma and to Abonnema, both further inland.[4] The European traders followed them, now going up the Sombreiro River to Abonnema. The government of Kalabari had now become a council of powerful chiefs headed by a king with little power, a structure that has survived to this day.[1]
Rulers
Independent state
Following were the later independent rulers of Kalabari.[6]
Start End Ruler 1770 1790 Amakiri I 1790 Amakiri II April 1863 Amakiri III April 1863 1900 Amakiri IV (Abbe Princewill) Protectorate and Nigerian Federation
Rulers after the kingdom became part of the British protectorate, then the independent Federation of Nigeria:[6]
Start End Ruler 1900 1918 Amakiri V (Charlie Keini) 1919 1927 Amakiri VI (Willie Keini) 1927 1960 Amakiri VII (Obenibo J.T. Princewill) 1960 1973 Amakiri VIII (Frederick Princewill) (b. 1884 – d. 1960) 1973 1975 Amakiri IX (Cottone Keini) 1975 7 June 1998 Amakiri X (Abbiye Suku) (d. 1998) 7 Jun 1998 2002 Vacant 2002 Amakiri XI (Theophilus J.T. Princewill) (b. 1930) References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j G. I. Jones (2001). The trading states of the oil rivers: a study of political development in Eastern Nigeria. James Currey Publishers. p. 15ff. ISBN 0852559186. http://books.google.ca/books?id=pIR-mgBiJ-gC&pg=PA15.
- ^ a b Jasleen Dhamija (2004). Asian embroidery. Abhinav Publications. p. 237. ISBN 8170174503. http://books.google.ca/books?id=MnyGckk3RiwC&pg=PA237. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ Mogens Herman Hansen, Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2000). A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures: an investigation. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 539. ISBN 8778761778. http://books.google.ca/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA539. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d J. F. Ade Ajayi (1989). Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s. University of California Press. p. 733ff. ISBN 0520039173. http://books.google.ca/books?id=sMpMuJalFKoC&pg=PA733. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ Mark R. Lipschutz, R. Kent Rasmussen (1989). Dictionary of African historical biography. University of California Press. p. 15. ISBN 0520066111. http://books.google.ca/books?id=QYoPkk04Yp4C&pg=PA15.
- ^ a b "Traditional States of Nigeria". World Statesmen. http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
Categories:- Ijo States
- History of Nigeria
- Nigerian traditional states
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