Douglas A. Lawson

Douglas A. Lawson (born 1947) is a geologist, paleontologist, and computer scientist.

In 1971, Lawson discovered a partial wing (fragments of huge wing bones imbedded in a sandstone outcropping) of what he later named Quetzalcoatlus, a pterosaur, in Texas' Big Bend National Park^[1]. Lawson found the remains of the giant pterosaur while searching for the bones of titanosaur sauropods such as Alamosaurus. At the time of reporting of its discovery (1975) Quetzalcoatlus was the largest flying creature known.^[2]

A fellow researcher challenged Lawson's estimates of Quetzalcoatlus' wing architecture dimensions. Lawson responded by demonstrating that, while his estimates were inconsistent with those of modern-day birds, they were, in fact, consistent with extrapolations of other pterosaurs such as Pterodactylus antiquus.^[3]

Lawson’s discovery of the remains of Quetzalcoatlus northropi caused scientists to rethink both the evolution of flight and the habitats of giant fliers.

In 2010, the U.S. National Park Service describes Quetzalcoatlus as the world's second largest known flying creature.^[4] Lawson appears in Sir David Attenborough's motion picture documentary, Flying Monsters 3D (2011), discussing Quetzalcoatlus' impressive wingspan and how estimates of that wingspan changed over time.

Lawson's interest in evolving systems and swarming led him to develop as a computer scientist. For Southwest Airlines, Lawson used evolutionary computation methods to evaluate alternate means of passengers boarding aircraft. Based upon the behavior of ants, Lawson determined whether assigned seating would be faster than Southwest's "festival seating" by creating an ant-based routing computer simulation of passengers boarding a plane, and then trying each pattern.^[5]. ^[6]

Additionally, Lawson has used used ant-based routing in assigning aircraft arrivals to airport gates. At Southwest Airlines a software program uses swarm theory, or swarm intelligence—the idea that a colony of ants works better than one alone. "People don't like being only 500 yards away from a gate and having to sit out there until another aircraft leaves."^[7] "Each pilot or plane acts like an ant searching for the best airport gate. "The pilot learns from his experience what's the best for him, and it turns out that that's the best solution for the airline," Dr. Douglas A. Lawson explains. As a result, the "colony" of pilots always go to gates they can arrive and depart quickly. The program can even alert a pilot of plane back-ups before they happen. "We can anticipate that it's going to happen, so we'll have a gate available," Dr. Lawson says^[8]

Lawson was one of 100 alumni featured in Celebrating 100 Years: 1910-2010 marking the 100th anniversary of the Graduate School at the University of Texas at Austin. He was among individuals selected to represent the Jackson School of Geosciences.^[9]

Education

• MS in Geological Sciences, 1972, University of Texas (Austin)
• PhD in Paleontology, 1977, University of California (Berkeley)

Career

Lawson began his synecological research with working on his Masters Degree studying the paleoecology of the Tornillo Formation in Big Bend National Park, Texas. During his study of this Late Cretaceous intermontane basin community, he discovered the fossil remains of the giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus Northropi, which he named in honor of John K. Northrop because of its similarity to Northrop's flying wing aircraft design.

While at the University of California, he continued his synecological studies emphasizing the stability analysis of evolving trophic networks. Lawson incorporated biogeographic information in the standard community matrix by producing a symmetrical matrix from the correlation coefficient matrix of the spatial distribution of individual species members. This augmented community matrix provided a probabilistic trophic network.

Lawson also clearly showed that since the coefficients of the characteristic equation represented the principal minor of the network matrix and loop analysis was basically the calculation of all possible principal minors that the extraction of the eigenvectors provided the same stability analysis with little computational effort^[10]. These were significant insights since the standard community matrix did capture the detailed community structure needed for studying evolving systems,^[11] and since ecosystems that extend over millions of years can involve many tens of species complete loop analysis (based upon Richard Levins' loop analysis method) that at the time required the use of supercomputers.

Lawson taught paleontology at Louisiana State University.

Working for Philips, Arco, and as a consultant, Lawson mapped out the ancient environments of marine invertebrates. "To me it was mapping out the movement of habitats," says Lawson. "To the oil industry, it was reservoir characterization," a process that helps geologists locate oil and gas.^[12]

While continuing his studying of habitat evolution as an oil industry consultant, he invented a patentable method for 3-dimensional mapping habitat facies.

At Southwest Airlines, Dr. Lawson has described his work in terms of customer service. "I'm a living systems engineer. I try to improve the service experience for our customers by using living systems principles. The components that make up our customer service experience, like the actual number of service desks at the airport, or the number of agents ready to take care of our people, or the actual functions they perform and when...all must be as reactive to the world around them as the customer. And people never act the same way in the same setting. Their behavior is influenced by their surroundings. We've tried, through computer simulation, to convert customer insights about our service into living things, so to speak, things that have memories, that we can quantify into costs. Those things, those insights must survive on their own too."^[13]

Publications

• Lawson, D. A. 1972. Paleoecology of the Tornillo Formation, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas [M.S. Thesis]: Austin, University of Texas, 182p.
• Lawson, Douglas A. 1975. "Pterosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of West Texas: Discovery of the Largest Flying Creature." Science, 187: 947-948.
• Lawson, Douglas A. 1975. "Could Pterosaurs Fly?" Science 188: 676-677.
• Lawson, D. A. 1976. Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus: Maestrichtian dinosaurs from Trans-Pecos, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 50(1): 158-164.
• Lawson, D.A., 1977, Change in marine-mollusk communities during the Middle Eocene in the Pacific Coast. Dissertation (University of California, Berkeley.)
• Lawson, D. A., and M. J. Novacek. 1981. Structure and change in three Eocene invertebrate (primarily molluscan) communities from nearshore marine environments. In A. Boucot and W. B. N. Berry (eds.), Communities of the Past. Proc. Symposium, Paleo. Convention of North America, II. Stroudsburg, Dowden, Hutchison, and Ross.
• Lawson, D. A. 1991. Interwell Geology from Geophysical Data. In Reservoir Characterization II. ed. Lake, L. W., Carroll, H. B., and Wesson, T. C. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

References

1. ^ Time. 1975. Science--Lawson's Monster. (March 24).
2. ^ Lawson, Douglas A. 1975. "Pterosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of West Texas: Discovery of the Largest Flying Creature." Science, 187: 947-948.
3. ^ Greenwalt, Crawford H. 1975. "Could Pterosaurs Fly?". Science 188:676. and Lawson, Douglas A. 1975. "Could Pterosaurs Fly?" Science 188: 676-677.
4. ^ U.S. National Park Service. 2010. Quetzalcoatlus Northropi. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
5. ^ Miller, Peter. 2010. The Smart Swarm: How understanding flocks, schools, and colonies can make us better at communicating, decision making, and getting things done. Avery: New York. xiii-xx.
6. ^ CBSNews. 2011. "Small Wonders: What ants can teach us. World Wide Web: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/07/24/sunday/main20082643.shtml . Retrieved July 27, 2011.
7. ^ Miller, Peter. 2007. "Swarm Theory." National Geographic 212:1, 129-147.
8. ^ Science Daily. 2008 (April 1). "Planes, Trains and Ant Hills: Computer scientists simulate activity of ants to reduce airline delays." World Wide Web: http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2008/0406-planes_trains_and_ant_hills.htm. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
9. ^ Mabley, K. (ed.) 2010. Changing the World: Stories celebrating 100 years of graduate education. Austin, Texas: The University of Texas Press.
10. ^ Lawson, D.A., 1977, Change in marine-mollusk communities during the Middle Eocene in the Pacific Coast. Dissertation (University of California, Berkeley.)
11. ^ Pilette, R., Sigal, R., and J. Blamire. 1987. "The Potential for Community Level Evaluations Based on Loop Analysis." BioSystems 21(1): 25-32.
12. ^ Mabley, K. 2010. Changing the World: Stories celebrating 100 years of graduate education at The University of Texas at Austin. Austin, Texas: The University of Texas Press.
13. ^ Mark, Robert. 2008. "Smart Swarming at Southwest Airlines." Planenews. World Wide Web: http://planenews.com/archives/10218/ Retrieved July 27, 2011.