Densely packed decimal

Densely packed decimal (DPD) is a system of binary encoding for decimal digits.

The traditional system of binary encoding for decimal digits, known as Binary-coded decimal (BCD), uses four bits to encode each digit, resulting in significant wastage of binary data bandwidth (since four bits can store 16 states and are being used to store only 10). Densely Packed Decimal is a more efficient code that packs three digits into 10 bits using a scheme that allows compression from, or expansion to, BCD with only two or three gate delays in hardware.^[1]

The densely packed decimal encoding is a refinement of Chen-Ho encoding; it gives the same compression and speed advantages, but the particular arrangement of bits used confers additional advantages:

• Compression of one or two digits (into the optimal four or seven bits respectively) is achieved as a subset of the 3-digit encoding. This means that arbitrary numbers of decimal digits (not just multiples of three digits) can be encoded efficiently. For example, 38=12×3+2 decimal digits can be encoded in 12×10+7=127 bits.

• The subset encoding mentioned above is simply the rightmost bits of the standard 3-digit encoding; the encoded value can be widened simply by adding leading 0 bits.

• All 7-bit BCD numbers (0 through 79) are encoded identically by DPD. This makes conversions of common small numbers trivial. (This must break down at 80, because that requires 8 bits for BCD, but the above property requires that the DPD encoding must fit into 7 bits.)

• The low-order bit of each digit is copied unmodified. Thus, the non-trivial portion of the encoding can be considered a conversion from 3 base-5 digits to 7 binary bits. Further, digit-wise logical values (in which each digit is either 0 or 1) can be manipulated directly without any encoding or decoding being necessary.

History

In 1971, Tien Chi Chen and Dr. Irving T. Ho devised a lossless prefix code (now known as Chen-Ho encoding) which packed three decimal digits into 10 binary bits using a scheme which allowed compression from or expansion to BCD with only two or three gate delays in hardware. Densely Packed Decimal is a refinement of this, by Mike Cowlishaw, which was incorporated into the IEEE 754-2008 standard for decimal floating-point.

Encoding

Like Chen-Ho encoding, DPD encoding classifies each decimal digit into one of two ranges, depending on the most significant bit of the binary form: "small" digits have values 0 through 7 (binary 0000–0111), and "large" digits, 8 through 9 (binary 1000–1001). Once it is known or has been indicated that a digit is small, three more bits are still required to specify the value. If a large value has been indicated, only one bit is required to distinguish between the values 8 or 9.

When encoding, the most significant bit of each of the three digits to be encoded select one of 8 coding patterns for the remaining bits, according to the following table. The table shows how, on decoding, the ten bits of the coded form in columns b9 through b0 are copied into the three digits d2 through d0, and the remaining bits are filled in with constant zeros or ones.

Densely packed decimal encoding rules^[2]

b9	b8	b7	b6	b5	b4	b3	b2	b1	b0	d2	d1	d0	Values encoded	Digit pattern
a	b	c	d	e	f	0	g	h	i	0abc	0def	0ghi	(0–7) (0–7) (0–7)	Three small digits
a	b	c	d	e	f	1	0	0	i	0abc	0def	100i	(0–7) (0–7) (8–9)	Two small digits, one large
a	b	c	d	e	f	1	0	1	i	0abc	100f	0dei	(0–7) (8–9) (0–7)
a	b	c	d	e	f	1	1	0	i	100c	0def	0abi	(8–9) (0–7) (0–7)
a	b	c	1	0	f	1	1	1	i	0abc	100f	100i	(0–7) (8–9) (8–9)	One small digit, two large
a	b	c	0	1	f	1	1	1	i	100c	0abf	100i	(8–9) (0–7) (8–9)
a	b	c	0	0	f	1	1	1	i	100c	100f	0abi	(8–9) (8–9) (0–7)
x	x	c	1	1	f	1	1	1	i	100c	100f	100i	(8–9) (8–9) (8–9)	Three large digits

Bits b7, b4 and b0 (c, f and i) are passed through the encoding unchanged, and do not affect the meaning of the other bits. The remaining 7 bits can be considered a 7-bit encoding for 3 base-5 digits.

Bits b8 and b9 are not needed and ignored when decoding DPD groups with three large digits (marked as "x" in the last row of the table above), but are filled with zeros when encoding.

Examples

This table shows some representative decimal numbers and their encodings in BCD, Chen-Ho, and Densely Packed Decimal (DPD):

Decimal	BCD	Chen-Ho	DPD
005	0000 0000 0101	000 000 0101	000 000 0101
009	0000 0000 1001	110 000 0001	000 000 1001
055	0000 0101 0101	000 010 1101	000 101 0101
079	0000 0111 1001	110 011 1001	000 111 1001
080	0000 1000 0000	101 000 0000	000 000 1010
099	0000 1001 1001	111 000 1001	000 101 1111
555	0101 0101 0101	010 110 1101	101 101 0101
999	1001 1001 1001	111 111 1001	001 111 1111

See also

• decimal32 floating-point format
• decimal64 floating-point format
• decimal128 floating-point format
• Bonten, J.H.M.. "Packed Decimal Encoding IEEE-754r". Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20070824053303/http://home.hetnet.nl/mr_1/81/jhm.bonten/computers/bitsandbytes/wordsizes/ibmpde.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-10. 

References

1. ^ *Cowlishaw, M. F. (May 2002). "Densely packed decimal encoding". IEE Proceedings – Computers and Digital Techniques (Institution of Electrical Engineers) 149 (3): 102–104. doi:10.1049/ip-cdt:20020407. ISSN 1350-2387. 
2. ^ Cowlishaw, M. F. (2000-10-03). "Summary of Densely Packed Decimal encoding". http://speleotrove.com/decimal/DPDecimal.html. Retrieved 2008-09-10.