Dendrophthoe vitellina

Dendrophthoe vitellina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Core eudicots
Order:	Santalales
Family:	Loranthaceae
Genus:	Dendrophthoe
Species:	D. vitellina
Binomial name
Dendrophthoe vitellina (F.Muell.) Tiegh.

Dendrophthoe vitellina, commonly known as Long-flowered- or Apostle Mistletoe, is a hemiparasitic plant of the Loranthaceae family of mistletoes. The genus Dendrophthoe comprises about 31 species spread across tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia. Despite being collected by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander in 1788, and depicted in Banks' Florilegium,^[1] it was not until 1860 that it was described by Ferdinand von Mueller as Loranthus vitellinus after being collected near Ipswich, and renamed by Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem in 1895.^[2]

Description

It grows as shrubby plant, with either a spreading or pendant (drooping) habit, from a tree branch or trunk. It has external roots, and hairy new growth maturing to smooth branches and foliage. The leaves are spear- or oval-shaped with a blunt apex, and measure 4–16 cm (1.6–6.4 in) long and 0.6–3 cm (0.2–1.4 in) wide. The inflorescences are composed of 5 to 20 smaller flowers.^[3] The flowers are generally yellow or orange with red tips, though some northern populations have redder flowers. They are covered in a fine fur.^[1] Flowering is followed by the development of an egg-shaped fruit 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) long and red to yellow in colour, which contains a single seed in a sticky coating.^[4]

The similar-looking smooth-flowered mistletoe (D. glabrescens) has smooth flowers and leaves broader than 3 cm (1.4 in) in width, and is found west of the Great Dividing Range.^[1]

Distribution and habitat

The range is from far north Queensland along the east coast of Australia through New South Wales and into Victoria. In northern New South Wales, it extends inland to the Nandewar Range^[3] In Victoria it occurs to the east of Genoa in East Gippsland.^[5] It generally grows on trees of the family Myrtaceae in open sclerophyll forest,^[3] but also on Eucalyptus grandis in forest on the fringes of rainforest.^[6]

Ecology

At least 66 native plant species from 16 families (predominantly the genera Eucalyptus, Angophora and Melaleuca) have been recorded as host plants for Dendrophthoe vitellina, and in addition, a number of exotic species also.^[1] It has been recorded on an exotic plane tree, Platanus × acerifolia.^[7] Growing on a small red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) is hazardous for the host species.^[4]

Dendrophthoe vitellina is the main host plant for caterpillars of the marbled line blue butterfly (Erysichton palmyra), while caterpillars of other butterfly species the black jezebel (Delias nigrina), red-banded jezebel (D. mysis), narcissus jewel (Hypochrysops narcissus), silky jewel (H. digglesii), dull oakblue (Arhopala centaurus), black-spotted flash (Hypolycaena phorbas), trident pencil-blue (Candalides margarita), dark purple azure (Ogyris abrota), golden azure (O. ianthis), orange-tipped azure (O. iphis), sapphire azure (O. aenone), southern purple azure (O. genoveva) and northern purple azure (O. zosine) also eat the plant.^[1] The fleshy fruit is consumed by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).^[4]

The seed immediately begins to germinate and soon penetrates the vascular system of the tree and creates a physiological connection with the [[Xylem] of the new host. From that point, the seedling begins to obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host.^[8]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Watson, David M. (2011). Mistletoes of Southern Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO. p. 76. ISBN 9780643095939. 
2. ^ "Dendrophthoe vitellina (F.Muell.) Tiegh.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=33087. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} New South Wales Flora Online: Dendrophthoe vitellina by A. L. Quirico, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
4. ^ ^{a b c} Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1997). "Ecology of Sydney plant species:Part 5: Dicotyledon families Flacourtiaceae to Myrsinaceae". Cunninghamia 5 (2): 330–544. http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/73332/Cun5Ben330.pdf. 
5. ^ Wild Plants of Victoria (database). Viridans Biological Databases & Department of Sustainability and Environment. 2009. 
6. ^ "Dendrophthoe vitellina". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. CSIRO. 2010. http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Dendrophthoe_vitellina.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2011. 
7. ^ Trevor J. Hawkeswood (2005). "A new record of parasitism of the introduced London Plane Tree, Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd. (Platanaceae) by the Australian native mistletoe, Dendrophthoe vitellina (F.Muell.) Tieghem (Loranthaceae)". calodema. http://www.calodema.com/freefiles/289.pdf. Retrieved 6 May 2011. 
8. ^ Barlow, Bryan (21 August 2008). "What is a mistletoe ?". Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/mistletoe/what-is-mistletoe.html. Retrieved 9 November 2011.