Corey-Itsuno reduction

The Corey-Itsuno Reduction, also known as the Corey-Bakshi-Shibata (CBS) reduction, is a chemical reaction in which an achiral ketone is enantioselectively reduced to produce the corresponding chiral, non-racemic alcohol. The oxazaborolidine reagent which mediates the enantioselective reduction of ketones was previously developed by the laboratory of Itsuno and thus this transformation may more properly be called the Itsuno-Corey oxazaborolidine reduction.^[1]

In 1981, Itsuno and coworkers first reported the use of chiral alkoxy-amine-borane complexes in reducing achiral ketones to chiral alcohols enantioselectively and in high yield.^[1] Several years later in 1987, E. J. Corey and coworkers developed the reaction between chiral amino alcohols and borane (BH₃), generating oxazaborolidine products which were shown to rapidly catalyze the enantioselective reduction of achiral ketones in the presence of BH₃•THF.^[2][3]

The CBS Reduction has since been utilized by organic chemists as a reliable method for the asymmetric reduction of achiral ketones. Notably, it has found prominent use not only in a number of natural product syntheses, but has been utilized on large scale in industry (See Scope Below). Several reviews have been published.^[4][5][6]

Mechanism

Corey and coworkers originally proposed the following reaction mechanism to explain the selectivity obtained in the catalytic reduction.^[2][3]

The first step of the mechanism involves the coordination of BH₃ to the nitrogen atom of the oxazaborolidine CBS catalyst 1. This coordination serves to activate the BH₃ as a hydride donor and to enhance the Lewis acidity of the catalyst’s endocyclic boron.^[5] X-ray crystal structures and ¹¹B NMR spectroscopic analyses of the coordinated catalyst-borane complex 2 have provided support for this initial step.^[5][7] Subsequently, the endocyclic boron of the catalyst coordinates to the ketone at the sterically more accessible electron lone pair (i.e. the lone pair closer to the smaller substituent, Rs). This preferential binding in 3 acts to minimize the steric interactions between the ketone (the large R_L substituent directed away) and the R’ group of the catalyst, and aligns the carbonyl and the coordinated borane for a favorable, face-selective hydride transfer through a six-membered transition state 4.^[8][9] Hydride transfer yields the corresponding, chiral boron enolate 5, which upon acidic workup yields the chiral alcohol 6. The last step to regenerate the catalyst may take place by two different pathways (Path 1 or 2).^[10][11][12]

The predominant driving force for this face-selective, intramolecular hydride transfer is the simultaneous activation of the borane reagent by coordination to the Lewis basic nitrogen and the enhancement of the Lewis acidity of the endocyclic catalyst boron for coordination to the ketone.^[5]

Scope and Limitations

Stereo and Chemoselectivity

The CBS reduction has proven to be an effective and powerful method to reduce a wide range of different types of ketones in both a stereoselective and chemoselective manner. Substrates include a large variety of aryl-aliphatic, di-aliphatic , di-aryl, α,β unsaturated enone and ynone systems, as well as ketones containing heteroatoms.^[5][13] Combinations of different derivatives of the CBS catalyst and borane reducing agents have been employed to optimize enantioselectivity.

Several interesting cases are worth noting in this selection of substrates. First, in the case of the diaryl system 9, relatively high stereoselectively is achieved despite the isosteric nature of the ketone substituents, suggesting that electronics in addition to sterics may play a role in the stereoselectivity of the CBS reduction.^[5] Differences in the substitution of the alkyne moieties in ynones 11 and 12 result in a change of selectivity for the alkyne to function as the more sterically bulky substituent rather than the smaller one. For the α,β unsaturated systems 10-12, efficient reduction of the ketone occurs despite the possible side reaction of hydroboration of the C-C unsaturated bond. The CBS reduction has also been shown to tolerate the presence of heteroatoms as in ketone 13, which is capable of coordinating to the borane.

Experimental Considerations and Limitations

The presence of water in the reaction mixture has been shown to have a significant effect on enantiomeric excesses, and thus the CBS reduction must be conducted under anhydrous conditions.^[14] Temperature also plays a critical role in the observed stereoselectivity. In general, at lower temperatures enantiomeric excesses (ee’s) are obtained. However, when the temperature is increased, the ee values reach a maximum value that is dependent on the catalyst structure and borane reducing agent used.^[15] The use of the borane reagent catecholborane, which has been shown to participate in CBS reductions carried out at temperatures as low as -126°C with marked enantioseletivity, offers a potential solution to improving the diminished ee values obtained at lower temperatures.^[16][17]

Enantioselectivity issues associated with the use of BH₃ as the reducing agent for the CBS reduction have been reported. Commercially available solutions of BH₃•THF evaluated by Nettles et al. were shown to contain trace amounts of borohydride species, which participate in nonselective reductions that led to the diminished enantioselectivity.^[18] Though the borohydride catalyzed reduction pathway is much slower than the CBS catalyzed reduction, the side reaction still presents a potential challenge to optimize stereoselectivity.

Variations

Although CBS catalyst 1 developed by Corey has become commonly employed in the CBS reduction reaction, other derivatives of the catalyst have been developed and utilized successfully. The R’ group of the CBS catalyst plays an important role in the enantioselectivity of the reduction, and as illustrated in above in the Scope section, several variations of the CBS R’ group have been employed to optimize selectivity.^[5][13]

Applications

Over the past couple of decades, the CBS Reduction has gained significant synthetic utility in the synthesis of a significant number of natural products, including lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and biotins.^[5][6][19] The enantionselective reduction has also been employed on large scale in industry. Jones et al. utilized the CBS reduction in the total synthesis of MK-0417, a water-soluble carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which has been used therapeutically to reduce intraocular pressure.^[14] Asymmetric reduction of a key bicyclic sulfone intermediate was accomplished with the CBS oxazaborolidine catalyst containing Me as the R’ group.

See also

• Midland Alpine borane reduction
• Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Hirao, A.; Itsuno, S.; Nakahama, S.; Yamazaki, N. (1981), Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 7: 315, doi:10.1039/C39810000315 
2. ^ ^{a b} Corey, E. J.; Bakshi, R. K.; Shibata, S. (1987), Journal of the American Chemical Society 109: 5551, doi:10.1021/ja00252a056 
3. ^ ^{a b} Corey, E. J.; Bakshi, R. K.; Shibata, S.; Chen, C. P.; Singh, V. K. (1987), Journal of the American Chemical Society 109: 7925, doi:10.1021/ja00259a075 
4. ^ Deloux, L.; Srebnik, M. (1993), Chemical Reviews 93: 763, doi:10.1021/cr00018a007 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Corey, E. J.; Helal, C. J. (1998), Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37: 1986, doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980817)37:15<1986::aid-anie1986>3.0.co;2-z 
6. ^ ^{a b} Cho, B. T. (2006), Tetrahedron 62: 7621, doi:10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.036 
7. ^ Corey, E. J.; Azimioara, M.; Sarshar, S. (1992), Tetrahedron Letters 33: 3429, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)92654-6 
8. ^ Evans, D. (1988), Science 240: 420, doi:10.1126/science.3358127 
9. ^ Jones, D. K.; Liotta, D. C.; Shinkai, I.; Mathre, D. J. (1993), The Journal of Organic Chemistry 58: 799, doi:10.1021/jo00056a001 
10. ^ Corey, E. J. (1990), Journal of the American Chemical Society 62: 1209, doi:10.1351/pac199062071209 
11. ^ Nevalainen, V. (1994), Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 5: 289, doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(00)86186-8 
12. ^ Quallich, G. J.; Blake, J. F.; Woodall, T. M. (1994), Journal of the American Chemical Society 116: 8516, doi:10.1021/ja00098a012 
13. ^ ^{a b} Quallich, G. J.; Woodall, T. M. (1993), Tetrahedron Letters 34: 785, doi:10.1016/0040-4039(93)89012-f 
14. ^ ^{a b} Jones, T. K.; Mohan, J. J.; Xavier, L. C.; Blacklock, T. J.; Mathre, D. J.; Sohar, P.; Jones, E. T. T.; Reamer, R. A.; Roberts, F. E.; Grabowski, E. J. J. (1991), The Journal of Organic Chemistry 56: 763, doi:10.1021/jo00002a050 
15. ^ Bulliard, Michael (1999). "Chapter 11.1: Asymmtric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones Catalyzed by Oxazaborolidines". In Ager, David. Handbook of Chiral Chemicals. Marcel Decker. pp. 211–225. ISBN 0824710584. 
16. ^ Corey, E. J.; Link, J. O. (1989), Tetrahedron Letters 30: 6275, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)93871-7 
17. ^ Corey, E. J.; Bakshi, R. K. (1990), Tetrahedron Letters 31: 611, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94581-7 
18. ^ Nettles, S. M.; Matos, K.; Burkhardt, E. R.; Rouda, D. R.; Corella, J. A. (2002), The Journal of Organic Chemistry 67: 2970, doi:10.1021/jo016257c 
19. ^ Stemmler, R. T. (2007), Synlett 6: 997, doi:10.1055/s-2007-973876