Cordyline pumilio

Cordyline pumilio
Cordyline pumilio, Auckland Botanic Gardens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
clade:	Angiosperms
clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Asparagaceae
Subfamily:	Lomandroideae
Genus:	Cordyline
Species:	C. pumilio
Binomial name
Cordyline pumilio Hook. f.
Natural range of C. pumilio (green)

Cordyline pumilio, commonly known as the Dwarf cabbage tree, Pygmy cabbage tree or by its Māori names Tī koraha or Tī rauriki, is a narrow-leaved monocot shrub endemic to New Zealand. It usually grows up to 1 metre (3 ft) tall,^[1] although rare examples of 2 metres tall have been reported. It has with long leaves and can easily be mistaken for a grass or a sedge. C. pumilio grows in the north of the North Island from North Cape at 34°S to Kawhia and Opotiki at about 38°S, generally under light forest and scrub. It was cultivated by Māori as a source of carbohydrate and used as a relish to sweeten less palatable foods.

Taxonomy

Cordyline pumilio is the smallest of New Zealand's five native species of Cordyline. Of the other species, the commonest are the common cabbage tree (C. australis), a tree up to 20 metres (66 ft) tall with a stout trunk and sword-like leaves, the forest cabbage tree (C. banksii) which has a slender, sweeping trunk, and the mountain cabbage tree (C. indivisa), a handsome plant with a trunk up to 8 metres high bearing a dense, rounded head of broad leaves 1 to 2 metres long.^[2] In the far north of New Zealand, C. pumilio is thought to have hybridised with C. australis.^[3]

The genus name Cordyline derives from an Ancient Greek word for a club (kordyle), a reference to the enlarged underground stems or rhizomes,^[4] and the species name pumilio is Latin for "dwarf". The common name Cabbage tree is attributed by some sources^[2] to early settlers having used the young leaves of related species as a substitute for cabbage.

The plant was well known to Māori, who cultivated it for its sugar-laden roots and stems before its discovery and naming by Europeans. The generic Māori language term for plants in the Cordyline genus is Tī, and names recorded as specific to C. pumilio include tī koraha and tī rauriki.^[5]

Description

Cordyline pumilio is a plant rarely exceeding 2 metres (7ft) tall. It is a very narrow-leaved species, and does not develop into the large tree-like form of C. australis. It often flowers while its short stem is leafy to the ground. In older plants the bare part of stem is up to 1 metre (3ft) long and 1.5cm (less than an inch) wide, and not usually very erect. The leaves are 30cm to 1 metre (1-3ft)long and 1 to 2cm (up to an inch) wide, and may narrow above the base into a channelled petiole. The midrib is prominent abaxially, or at least proximally and the leaf margins are slightly recurved. The flower spike or panicle appears in November or December and is up to 60cm by 30cm (2ft by 1ft), very open with slender axes, branched to the second order, with small white or bluish-white flowers irregularly scattered along the branches. The bracts are often small and inconspicuous. The tepals are narrow, recurved and have three nerves. The stigma is short and trifid.^[6][7]

Cultural use

Cordyline pumilio was cultivated by Māori in the Waikato district and elsewhere all over New Zealand. Young seedlings were carefully selected and planted out, and after perhaps three years the roots were dug up, stacked in small piles, and dried in the sun. As they dried, the fibrous roots were burned off, and then the roots were scraped and baked slowly in an umu or hāngi, requiring twelve to eighteen hours to cook.^[8] The cooked roots were chewed, or pounded and washed and squeezed to extract the sugar, which was eaten with fern root as a relish. Māori ranked the taste of the plant above tī kōuka (C. australis) and the other native species, but below tī pore (Cordyline fruticosa) which they brought with them from tropical Polynesia.^[8]

Notes

1. ^ "Cordyline pumilio". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. 
2. ^ ^{a b} A. L. Poole (1966). "Cabbage Tree - Ti". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Editor: A. H. McLintock. Originally published in 1966. http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/C/CabbageTreeTi/CabbageTreeTi/en. Retrieved 2007-07-20. 
3. ^ Simpson 2000:69
4. ^ Bok-mun Ho (2006). "Cordyline obtecta". Australian National Botanic Gardens. http://www.cpbr.gov.au/gnp/interns-2006/cordyline-obtecta.html. Retrieved 2010-03-27. 
5. ^ Williams, H. W. (1971). A dictionary of the Maori language (7th ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
6. ^ "Cordyline pumilio". Flora of New Zealand. http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_5c8f2fdb-ee89-4235-9c72-cf46bce046ed&fileName=Flora%202.xml. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
7. ^ Cheeseman, Thomas Frederick, 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora, url: [1], pp. 705ff.
8. ^ ^{a b} Best, Elsdon (1931). "Maori agriculture". Journal of the Polynesian Society 40: 1–22. http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_40_1931/Volume_40,_No._157/Maori_agriculture,_by_Elsdon_Best,_p_1-22. 

Bibliography

• "Cordyline pumilio". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.asp?ID=1747. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
• "Cordyline pumilio". Flora of New Zealand. http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_5c8f2fdb-ee89-4235-9c72-cf46bce046ed&fileName=Flora%202.xml. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
• Salmon J. T. (1973). The Native Trees of New Zealand. Wellington. AH & AW Reed. ISBN 0-589-01340-8
• Simpson, P. (2000). Dancing Leaves: The story of the New Zealand cabbage tree: Ti Kouka. Christchurch. Canterbury University Press.