- Contra Dam
-
Contra Dam 
Contra DamLocation of Contra Dam
Official name Contra Dam Location Ticino, Switzerland Coordinates 46°11′48″N 8°50′52″E / 46.19667°N 8.84778°ECoordinates: 46°11′48″N 8°50′52″E / 46.19667°N 8.84778°E Construction began 1961 Opening date 1965 Owner(s) Verzasca SA Dam and spillways Type of dam Arch dam Height 220 m (720 ft) Length 380 m (1,250 ft) Crest width 7 m (23 ft) Base width 25 m (82 ft) Volume 660,000 m3 (23,000,000 cu ft) Impounds Verzasca River Type of spillway Service, uncontrolled overflow Spillway capacity 1,300 m3/s (46,000 cu ft/s) Reservoir Creates Lago di Vogorno Capacity 105,000,000 m3 (85,000 acre·ft) Catchment area 230 km2 (89 sq mi) Surface area 160 ha (400 acres)[1] Power station Hydraulic head 277 m (909 ft) (Max) Turbines 3 x 35 MW Francis-type Installed capacity 105 MW Annual generation 234 GWh The Contra Dam, commonly known as the Verzasca Dam and the Locarno Dam,[2] is an arch dam on the Verzasca River in the Val Verzasca of Ticino, Switzerland. The dam creates Lago di Vogorno 2 km (1.2 mi) upstream of Lake Maggiore and supports a 105 MW hydroelectric power station. It was constructed between 1961 and 1965 and starting shortly after its reservoir was filled, a series of earthquakes related to its water load occurred until 1971. The dam is owned and operated by Verzasca SA and is the fourth tallest in Switzerland.[3]
The dam became a popular bungee jumping venue after a James Bond stuntman jumped off it in the opening scene of the 1995 film GoldenEye; a stunt voted as the best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll.[4]
Contents
Background
On May 6, 1960, Verzasca SA was formed to construct the dam as the center-piece of the Verzasca Hydroelectric Complex.[5] Construction in the dam began in 1961. The dam was designed and its construction supervised by Lombardi & Gellaro Ltd. Because the Contra Dam is at a lower elevation compared to other Swiss dams, warmer weather allowed construction to be carried out year-round. To divert the river and prepare a dry work-site for the dam, cofferdams were constructed, one of which redirected the river through a diversion tunnel with a 200 m3/s (7,100 cu ft/s) capacity. As the river can have flows much higher than the tunnel's capacity, this was accepted as a risk by engineers.[6] Excavation of the right side of the dam had to be expanded due to unforeseen weathered rock and designs were altered within 15 days.[7]
Concrete pouring and placement occurred for 18 months, of which the maximum poured in a day was 3,100 m3 (110,000 cu ft) and in a month, 55,000 m3 (1,900,000 cu ft). The aggregate for the concrete was obtained from a quarry near the construction site. The high-quality and strength gneiss-rock was ground in a rotary crusher and prepared in the concrete mixture. To facilitate the contraction and settling of the concrete in the dam, it was cooled with a series of steel pipes that ran throughout the mass of concrete, with the exception of the top 30 m (98 ft) of the dam. A grout curtain was placed around and below the dam as well to prevent leakage, which consumed a large amount of cement. In August 1964, the reservoir began to fill[8] and in September 1965, the reservoir was full and the dam completed.[6]
Seismic activity
During what Dr. Giovanni Lombardi, the dam's designer, described as an "exceptionally rapid rise of water during the first filling" of the reservoir, beginning in August 1964, there were seismic shocks. The earthquakes began in May 1965 and the biggest shocks had occurred later in October and November after the reservoir was full. The epicenters were located at two faults near the dam.[9][10] As many as 25 shocks occurred a day.[7] The shocks stopped once the reservoir was emptied[11] and no damage was found.[12] After refilling, the shocks decreased and an "equilibrium" was believed to have been reached, one that did not respond to variations in water load. Another large shock occurred several years after filling.[13] By 1971, there were no more seismic shocks around the dam or reservoir.[7] No known detailed geological studies were conducted prior to construction of the dam and several faults are known to exist in the area.[9]
Specifications
Dam
The Contra Dam is a concrete slender arch dam with a height of 220 m (720 ft) and crest length of 380 m (1,250 ft). The dam is 25 m (82 ft) wide at its base and 7 m (23 ft) wide at its crest. The dam structure contains 660,000 m3 (23,000,000 cu ft) of concrete and the structure itself has a surface area of 44,500 m2 (479,000 sq ft). The dam is slender in design and its horizontal arches are in an elliptical shape. The horizontal curvature of the dam decreases from the center of the dam towards its abutments and the curvature from the center of the arches increases from the crest down to the foundation. The thickness is constant with the exception of where the dam is received by its abutments; here it is thicker to reduce pressure on the rock. The strong rock can accept stresses of 70 kg/cm2. Vertically, the thickness of the dam increases from the crest down to the foundation and has a slight curve from the center towards the crest. This helps alleviate tensile stress for when the reservoir is not only full but empty. The dam's outlet works consist of two discharge pipes, capable releasing up to 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) each. One discharges into the original diversion tunnel and another is located at the base of the dam and discharges into the river valley below.[6]
The dam creates Lago di Vogorno which has a 105,000,000 m3 (3.7×109 cu ft) capacity and surface area of 160 ha (400 acres), collected from a catchment area of 230 km2 (89 sq mi). The Verzasca River has very irregular seasonal flows which can reach as high as 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s).[6]
Dr. Lombardi considers it one of his most aesthetically pleasing dams, primarily because of the slenderness of the concrete arch and the "outstanding cleanness of the design." The design also reduced the amount of concrete needed, therefore reducing the cost as well.[7]
Spillways
The dam has two spillways, each located on the structure, near its abutments on either side which have a maximum discharge capacity of 1,300 m3/s (46,000 cu ft/s). Each spillway contains six fixed-crest weirs that are 12 m (39 ft) wide. From each opening, the water flows down a single chute to a flip bucket at the bottom of the spillway. The flip buckets dissipate and deflect the water towards the center axis of the valley 200 m (660 ft) below. The spillways were later modified to improve releases and function by increasing the size of the piers and adding additional lateral deflectors near the crest.[14]
Power plant
The dam supports a 105 MW power station that contains 3 x 35 MW Francis turbines and generates and average of 234 GWh annually. Water from the reservoir at 470 m (1,540 ft) above sea level is transferred to an underground power station downstream at 193 m (633 ft) above sea level, affording a maximum hydraulic head of 277 m (909 ft).[6][15] The power plant can discharge up to 50 m3/s (1,800 cu ft/s) of water which exits via a 1.9 km (1.2 mi) tailrace tunnel into Lago di Verbano.[14] The builder and owner is Verzasca SA has an 80-year concession on the power station which will expire in 2046.[16]
Popular culture
See also: GoldenEyeThe opening scene of the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye featured Bond jumping off the dam. The stunt was performed by British stuntman Wayne Michaels. The jump was voted as best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll. The dam doubled as the fictional Arkhangelsk Chemical Weapons Facility located in the northern Soviet Union during the Cold War.[4]
Contestants bungee jumped off the dam as a Roadblock task in the first episode of the 14th season of The Amazing Race.[17]
The dam owners started to lease access to the dam, soon after GoldenEye was released, to a commercial bungee jump operator. According to the operator, over 10,000 people have jumped the 220 m (720 ft) from the dam.[4]
References
- ^ "Contra Dam". Swiss Committee on Large Dams. http://www.swissdams.ch/swisscod/Dams/damForm/default.asp?ID=4. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ "007's bungee jump tops best movie stunt poll". BreakingNews.ie. November 17, 2002. http://www.breakingnews.ie/archives/2002/1117/entertainment/qlqlkfmhgb/. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ "Verzeichnis der Schweizer Talsperren (1/1)" (in Swiss). Swiss Committee on Large Dams. http://www.swissdams.ch/Dams/damList/default_d.asp?Sort=HauteurDesc. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ a b c Matt Munday (12 November 2006). "For a glad moment I was flying ... then I bombed". The Sunday Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/article632476.ece. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
- ^ "Verzasca SA, 50 years of energy" (in Italian). Corriere de Ticino. May 6, 2010. http://www.cdt.ch/ticino-e-regioni/cronaca/24070/verzasca-sa-50-anni-di-energia.html. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Giovanni Lombardo, Henry Gicot (November 1967). "Some New Arch Dams in Switzerland and Austria". The Japan Dam Association. http://www.lombardi.ch/publications/pdfviewer.php?ID=32. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Roll of honour". Water Power Magazine. 9 July 1999. http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=1692. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
- ^ "Common features of the reservoir-associated seismic activities". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. April 1972. http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/2/481. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ a b Earthquakes related to reservoir filling. National Academies. 1972. p. 14. http://books.google.com/books?id=EzUrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=contra+dam+switzerland+earthquake+-costa&source=bl&ots=5bp5TqQIuE&sig=b_8X5LKBomMuq13D412r7_3TEMg&hl=en&ei=PqrDTKbJGMmecPbvwNgL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=contra%20dam%20switzerland%20earthquake%20-costa&f=false.
- ^ N.N. Ambraseys and S.K. Sarma (28 September 1968). "Large Earthquake Forces on Gravity Dam". Nature magazine. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v219/n5161/abs/2191354a0.html. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
- ^ "Seismic effects at Mangla Dam: Pakistan". UNESCO. January 1968. p. 5. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000085/008521eb.pdf. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ Pedro, Jose Oliveria (1999). Arch dams: designing and monitoring for safety. International Centre for Mechanical Sciences. p. 371. ISBN 3-211-3149-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=YNDdD7DaqwYC&pg=PA371&lpg=PA371&dq=Contra+dam+seismic&source=bl&ots=PTdf5pp05O&sig=T-7El-iYrtWToTQyZ5VFe14s01w&hl=en&ei=9sjCTIySJIelcfGOpcwN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Contra%20dam%20seismic&f=false.
- ^ "Seismic activity at man-made reservoirs". Proc. Istn Civ. Engineers. September 1971. p. 770. http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/docserver/fulltext/iicep.1972.5744.pdf. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ a b P.F. Bertola, R. Bremen. "Increasing the Spillway Capacity at Contra Dam". Lombardi Engineering Inc.. http://www.lombardi.ch/publications/pdfviewer.php?ID=48. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ "Partecipanzione Verzasca" (in Italian). Azienda Elettrica Ticinese. http://www.aet.ch/index/attivita/produzione/partecipazioni_produttive/partecipazione_verzasca.htm. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ "AIL - Aziende Industriali di Lugano SA - Cenni storici" (in Italian). http://www.ail.ch/index/ail-home/ail-cenni_storici.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
- ^ "Amazing Race 14". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/detail/tv-show.aspx?tvobjectid=296519&more=ucepisodelist&episodeid=9978144. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
External links
- Dam profile - Swiss Committee on Dams
- Contra Dam at Structurae
- Bungee jumping at the dam (photographs and video)
- Trekking-Team, bungy operator at the dam
- Intrepid Earth Verzasca Dam
Categories:- Arch dams
- Dams in Switzerland
- Buildings and structures in Ticino
- GoldenEye
- Hydroelectric power stations in Switzerland
- Buildings and structures completed in 1965
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
