Complex contagion

Complex Contagion refers to the phenomenon in social networks in which multiple sources of exposure to an innovation are required before an individual adopts the change of behavior.^[1] This differs from simple contagion in that, unlike a disease, it may not be possible for the innovation to spread after only one incident of contact with an infected neighbor. The spread of complex contagion across a network of people may depend on many social and economic factors; for instance, how many of one's friends adopt the new idea as well as how many of them don't can influence the individual, as well as their own disposition in embracing change.

Mechanisms of Complex Contagion

Complex Contagion and the Weakness of Long Ties by Damon Centola of Harvard University and Michael Macy of Cornell University suggests four mechanisms of complex contagion. These properties explain the need for multiple exposures in the spread of contagion.

1. Strategic complementarity. Many innovations are costly, especially for early adopters but less so for those who wait. The same holds for participation in collective action.
2. Credibility. Innovations often lack credibility until adopted by neighbors. Hearing the same story from different people makes it seem less likely that surprising information is nothing more than the fanciful invention of the informant.
3. Legitimacy. Knowing that a movement exists or that a collective action will taken place is rarely sufficient to induce bystanders to join in. Having several close friends participate in an event often greatly increases an individual’s likelihood of also joining, especially for high-risk social movements. Innovators risk being shunned as deviants until there is a critical mass of early adopters, and non-adopters are likely to challenge the legitimacy of the innovation.
4. Emotional contagion. Most theoretical models of collective behavior – from action theory to threshold models to cybernetics share the basic assumption that there are expressive and symbolic impulses in human behavior that can be communicated and amplified in spatially and socially concentrated gatherings.^[1]

Contested vs. Uncontested

Uncontested

The spread of the contagion is dependent solely on the number of people you are connected to who are different from your own state. You are not hindered whatsoever by the number of people in the same state as you. Generally, the more neighbors an individual has, the greater the chance of the individual adopting the innovation if the spread is uncontested.^[1]

Contested

The spread of the contagion is dependent on both the adamancy of those who are in a different state from your own as well as the countervailing influence of those who share your current state. In this case, the more neighbors an individual has, the smaller the chance of the individual adopting the innovation.^[1]

Diffusion and Cascading Behaviors in Networks

Consider a graph of any reasonable size. Node v’s neighbors can be split into 2 sets: Set A contains v's neighbors who have adopted a new behavior and B is the set of those behaving conservatively. Node v will only adopt the behavior of those in A if at least a q fraction of neighbors follow behavior A.^[2]

• if q is small, the behavior is easily adopted and easily spread
• if q is large, B is an attractive behavior and it takes more friends to engage in A before v will switch.^[2]

Cascading - diffusion over the entire network 

Consider a set of initial adopters who start with a new behavior A, while every other node starts with behavior B. Nodes then repeatedly evaluate the decision to switch from B to A using a threshold of q. If the resulting cascade of adoptions of A eventually causes every node to switch from B to A, then we say that the set of initial adopters causes a complete cascade at threshold q. Clusters of density d > 1-q are obstacles to cascades across the entire network.^[2]

Application and Examples

Many of our interactions with the rest of the world happen at a local, rather than a global, level - we often don't care as much about the full population's decisions as about the decisions made by friends and colleagues. For example, in a work setting we may choose technology to be compatible with the people we directly collaborate with, rather than the universally most popular technology. Similarly, we may adopt political views that are aligned with those of our friends, even if they are nationally in the minority.^[2]

Examples of Complex Contagion

• The credibility of an urban legend
• Willingness to participate in migration - (participating in a collective action)
• Incentives to exit formal gatherings
• What clothing to wear, hairstyle to adopt, and what part of the body to pierce^[1]

Gaming as a complex contagion 

Argument: The act of gaming is a complex contagion; demonstrations, conventions, ongoing games, etc. are responsible for producing new gamers.^[3]

Examples of Simple Contagion

• The spread of disease
• The spread of information^[1]

See also

• Emotional contagion
• Mark Granovetter
• Graph theory

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Centola, Damon; Macy, Michael. "Complex Contagions and the Weakness of Long Ties." University of Chicago, 2007.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Easley, David; Kleinberg, Jon. Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
3. ^ RPG.net. Thread: Gaming is a Complex Contagion