Cincinnati riots of 1884

Cincinnati riots of 1884
Hamilton County Courthouse, Cincinnati, after the riots

The Cincinnati Riots of 1884, also known as the Cincinnati Courthouse Riots, were caused by public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in a clear case of murder. A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA attempted to find and lynch the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the next few days, over 50 people died and the courthouse was destroyed. It was one of the most destructive riots in American history.[1]

Contents

Background

Cincinnati in the 1880s was a tough industrial city with a rising crime rate due, in part, to general dissatisfaction with labor conditions.[2] The Cincinnati police force had 300 men and 5 patrol wagons. In this period they arrested 50 people for murder, but only four were hanged.[3] By January 1, 1884, there were twenty-three accused murderers in the jail.[2] The political system was corrupt, with leaders notorious for controlling elections and manipulating judges and juries.[4] A full page article published in the Cincinnati Enquirer on March 9, 1884, said: "Laxity of laws gives the Queen City of the West its crimson record. Preeminence in art, science, and industry avail nothing where murder is rampant and the lives of citizens are unsafe even in broad daylight."[5]

On December 24, 1883, a young German named William Berner and his accomplice, a mulatto named Joe Palmer, robbed and murdered their employer, a livery stable owner.[6] The murderers dumped the body of their victim, William Kirk, near the Mill Creek in Northside.[5] After the men had been arrested, 500 potential jurymen were called before Berner's lawyer accepted the jury of twelve. After a prolonged trial, on March 26, 1884 the jury returned a manslaughter verdict despite the testimony of seven different people to whom Berner had admitted his cold-blooded planning and execution of the murder.[7] The judge, who gave a sentence of 20 years in prison, called the verdict "a damned outrage." The next day, the newspapers called for a public meeting to condemn the verdict.[4]

A New York Times article, dated March 27, 1884, reported that James Bourne, one of the jurors, had spent the previous night at Bremen-street police station after being threatened by a mob. Returning home on the morning of March 27, a crowd threatened to hang him but was dispersed by the police. Later he was severely beaten and was again taken to the police station for his own safety. Another member of the jury, Charles Dollahan, was pelted with rotten eggs and dared not return home. Louis Havemeyer was told he was fired when he went to work. A crowd tore the blinds from the house of L Phillips in Liberty street, and threw dead cats and rotten eggs through the windows before discovering they had the wrong Phillips, not a member of the jury. The foreman of the jury, AF Shaw, had gone into hiding.[8]

Friday March 28

Illustrations of the 1884 Cincinnati riots from Harpers Weekly: Attempt to dislodge the besieged in the jail, The first volley in the tunnel.[9]

Colonel C. B. Hunt, commanding the First Regiment of the Ohio National Guard with four hundred men, prepared for trouble, ordering sections from each company to stay on guard at their Armory on Court Street, half a block from the courthouse.[7] That evening, several thousand people attended a meeting at Music Hall in Over-the-Rhine to protest the lenient sentence. A large group of protesters then headed to the jail, apparently planning to lynch Berner.[10] Unknown to the rioters, Berner was not there. He had been sent to Columbus, Ohio for his own safety, and had escaped en route.[11]

The Hamilton County Sheriff Morton Hawkins was also expecting trouble. He had thirteen deputies helping him guard the jail.[4] The rioters managed to break into the jail through the Sheriff's apartment, but left when they were shown that Berner was not present. Then more rioters arrived.[7] The Sheriff had the alarms rung which had the effect of drawing yet more people to the scene.[4]

The mob, now 10,000 strong, pelted the jail with bricks and stones. They overcame resistance by the guards and police reinforcements and managed to break in again. They were driven out by reinforcements from the National Guard Armory who entered the building via a tunnel from the courthouse. After one of the attackers was shot dead the violence escalated. Rioters attempted to set the jail on fire using stolen kerosene. By the time the situation became temporarily under control late on Friday night, five people had died including one police officer and many more were wounded.[10]

Saturday March 29

The first barricade, hastily built on Court Street
A more solid barricade on Main Street using construction materials from a nearby site
Troops outside the Music Hall after peace had returned

The Cincinnati Enquirer supported the rioters in its Saturday morning edition, with a headline saying "At Last The People Are Aroused And Take The Law Into Their Own Hands, Enraged Community Rises In Its Might".[4] However, the civic leaders, who had at first supported the vigilante action, became alarmed. They suspected that the mob was led by socialists and anarchists, the "dangerous classes".[12] Although the Governor of Ohio, George Hoadly, was asked to call for reinforcements, he moved slowly and did not order deployment of additional National Guard troops until 5 pm on the Saturday.[4] Many of the guards failed to report for duty. Some of the 1st regiment soldiers even participated in the riot.[13] The out of town soldiers, who did obey orders, were unable to reach Cincinnati in time to prevent escalating violence by rioters who had been paid that day, and had spent their money in the bars.[4]

During the day, the defenders of the jail erected barriers in the surrounding streets, improvised from vehicles, construction materials, grindstones and barrels of salt. The National Guard troops abandoned the armory and moved to the jail with all the arms and ammunition. The jail was now extremely crowded and ill-equipped to feed the occupants. Two to three hundred policemen were present, although they refused to play an active role in the fighting, as well as 117 local militiamen and the criminals resident in the jail.[7]

In the evening, the mob gathered again in front of the courthouse and the jail. A gunfight broke out, lasting several hours. The crowd managed to set fire to the courthouse and blocked attempts by firemen to put out the blaze. The courthouse was destroyed. Rioters also started breaking into nearby stores. One store owner and his assistants shot three looters dead.[10] Eventually reinforcements started to arrive by train. A force of 300 National Guard troops from Dayton met the crowd three blocks from the jail but then retreated back to the railway station. A more resolute force of 425 troops from Columbus arrived around 11 pm armed with a Gatling gun, managing to clear the streets around the jail and courthouse. However, fighting continued elsewhere in the city until 3 in the morning.[4]

Sunday March 30

The Cincinnati Enquirer changed its tune, and in its Sunday morning edition described "Fire and Fury, The Reign of Terror" and "Awful Scenes in Cincinnati".[4] The riots resumed later on Sunday despite growing numbers of troops. There was one more assault on the militia before calm returned to the city.[10] The Secretary of War Robert Lincoln had called out U.S. troops.[11] When they arrived, there was little for them to do apart from remaining on call in case of further trouble. The rioters had returned to work and calm had been restored.[14] In the course of the riots, 56 people had died and over 300 had been wounded.[10]

Reactions

Cartoon on the case from Harpers Weekly. Caption: A Murderer Hung in Time Saves Nine

The public reaction in some quarters was sympathetic to the rioters. The Commercial Gazette published an editorial saying: "The time has come for taking an account for salvage for three days' of destruction and terror. First, we have saved our jailful of murderers. We have killed 45 innocent men and wounded or maimed 45 more, all to save our jailful of murderers…" The editorial went on to describe the riots as a "just, popular impulse against the prostration of laws before criminals". On March 31, reporting on the return of calm, the New York Times said there was a general feeling that the militia was responsible for the deaths. Their presence alone had excited the mob and they had been too ready to open fire.[8]

An editorial in the London Spectator said "For once we find ourselves sympathising with rioters". The editor of the Chautauquan said of the incident "It tortures the conscience and the self-respect of honest men". The French author Victor Hugo even compared the riot to the storming of the Bastille, calling the rioters champions of justice and heroes.[15]

The Dayton Daily Democrat made the same comparison as Hugo, but not in a flattering sense, when it called the mob a "Commune" and Cincinnati "the Paris of America".[13] Harper's Weekly blamed the riots on the fact that intelligent citizens had ceded politics to venal politicians. The paper called for stronger laws with "swift, sure and solemn" execution, and said that if middle-class Americans were running government instead of corrupt special interests, incidents like the riots would not occur.[16]

Aftermath

Berner, the original cause of the trouble, was recaptured late on the Saturday afternoon. He had holed up in a house in the woods near Loveland, where he was found playing a game of cards. He was taken to the penitentiary in Columbus to serve his sentence.[8]

The riots ended the régime of political bosses John R. McClean and Thomas C. Campbell.[17] Campbell faced disbarment proceedings, with William Howard Taft as the junior prosecutor. However, they failed.[18][19] Campbell left Cincinnati for New York.[17] A statue of William Desmond, a lawyer and captain of militia who was shot dead while trying to protect the courthouse, stands in the lobby of today's courthouse.[5]

References

  1. ^ Painter 2003.
  2. ^ a b Cooper 1983, pp. 96.
  3. ^ Singer 2003, pp. 9.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i OHS
  5. ^ a b c Painter 2003
  6. ^ Carry 1972, p. 16–7.
  7. ^ a b c d Johnson 1920
  8. ^ a b c Asche
  9. ^ Faeny 1884.
  10. ^ a b c d e Stradling 2003, pp. 67ff.
  11. ^ a b Armstrong 1991, pp. 142.
  12. ^ Schlup & Ryan 2003, pp. 89.
  13. ^ a b Schweninger 1996
  14. ^ Norton 1884, pp. 418ff.
  15. ^ Haber 1991, pp. 419.
  16. ^ Richardson 2007, pp. 209.
  17. ^ a b Steffens 1906, pp. 174.
  18. ^ FWP1 197xa, pp. 90
  19. ^ Pringle 1939, pp. 88.

Sources

Further reading

  • Rickman, Thomas Merritt. Lessons from the murder of Mrs. McHugh and the execution of William McHugh, or, What I saw and heard in the Cincinnati jail at the time of the riot in 1884. Rev. and corr.. Philadelphia, PA: Judson press. OCLC ocm40179413. 
  • Miller, Zane L. (2000). Boss Cox's Cincinnati: Urban Politics in the Progressive Era. Urban life and urban landscape. Ohio State University Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 9780814208618. 
  • Howe, Henry (1891). "The Court-House Riot of 1884". Historical collections of Ohio: an encyclopedia of the state. 2. Henry Howe & Son. pp. 84 et seq.. 
  • Kleine, W. Laird (October 1962). "Anatomy of a Riot". Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio 20 (4): 234–244. 
  • Kwasny, Mark V. (Winter/Spring 1989). "A Test for the Ohio National Guard: The Cincinnati Riot of 1884". Ohio History 98: 23–51. 
  • Rodabaugh, James Howard (December 1959). "The Cincinnati riot of 1884". Museum Echoes (Ohio History Society at Ohio State Museum) 22: 91–94. 
  • Federal Writers' Project (197?). "Trouble on Sycamore Street". Cincinnati: a guide to the queen city and its neighbors. American guide series. US History Publishers. pp. 98–103. ISBN 9781603540513. 
  • Tunison, Joseph Salathiel (1886). The Cincinnati Riot: Its Causes and Results. Cincinnati: Keating. 
  • Hofstadter, Richard; Wallace, Michael (1970). "Cincinnati Riot 1884". American violence: a documentary history. Vintage international. 686. Knopf. pp. 466–469. 
v · d · eCincinnati riots
1829 Attack on blacks  • 1836 Attack on abolitionist press  • 1841 Attack on blacks  • 1853 Papal envoy visit  • 1855 Attack on Germans  • 1884 Rigged jury dispute  • 1967 Disputed murder conviction  • 1968 Martin Luther King assassination  • 2001 Police shooting of suspect

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