Song of the Albigensian Crusade

Louis VIII of France taking Marmande, from the sole surviving manuscript of the Song of the Albigensian Crusade

The Song of the Albigensian Crusade is an Old Occitan epic poem narrating events of the Albigensian Crusade from March 1208 to June 1219. Modelled on the Old French chanson de geste, it was composed in two distinct parts: William of Tudela wrote the first towards 1213, and an anonymous continuator finished the account. However, recent studies have proposed the troubadour Gui de Cavalhon as the author of the second part.^[1] It is one of three major contemporary narratives of the Albigensian Crusade, the Historia Albigensis of Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay and the Chronica of William of Puylaurens being the others.

Publication

There is a single surviving manuscript of the whole Song (fr. 25425 in the Bibliothèque nationale), written in or around Toulouse about 1275. The original title is Cansó de la crozada ("song of the crusade").^[2] The first critical edition was published with a French translation—Chanson de la croisade contre les albigeois—by Paul Meyer in two volumes (1875–79). Eugène Martin-Chabot published another multi-volume French translation under the title Chanson de la croisade albigeoise. Henri Gougaud used the same title in his single-volume edition of 1992. The Song was finally translated into English (as The Song of the Cathar Wars) by Janet Shirley in 1996.

Contents

First part

The first was written by William of Tudela (he names himself in laisses 1 and 9), probably in 1213. It comprises the first 2749 lines, in 130 laisses (rhymed stanzas of varying length), and takes the story to the beginning of 1213. It is strongly partisan, in favour of the Crusaders and against their opponents, the Cathars and southerners in general.

Second part

The second part comprises the remaining 6811 lines of the poem, in laisses 131 to 214. The author's identity is not certain, although the name of Gui de Cavalhon has been recently proposed. This second part covers events from 1213 onwards and takes the opposite point of view, critical of the Crusaders and strongly in favour of the southerners (though not of Catharism). To historians the Song is important for this whole period because it is the only major narrative source that takes the southern viewpoint; it is especially important from April 1216 to June 1219, because the prose narrative by Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay becomes more sketchy and incomplete from 1216 onwards.

The author was apparently an educated man, displaying some knowledge of theology and law, and belonged to the diocese of Toulouse (since he calls bishop Folquet de Marselha "our bishop"). Michel Zink suggests that he was with Raymond VII of Toulouse in Rome and Provence during the years 1215 and 1216.^[3] The poet mentions the death of Guy of Montfort, which actually took place in 1228;^[4] it is questionable whether the whole of part 2 was written after that date, or whether the reference to Guy's death was a later insertion. Saverio Guida has proposed that Gui de Cavalhon may be the author. Gui, besides being a troubadour, was also a noble, and one of the most faithful allies of Raymond VI of Toulouse.

References

1. ^ Saverio Guida, “L’autore della seconda parte della Canso de la crotzada”, in Cultura Neolatina, LXIII, 2003, pp. 255-282.
2. ^ Cançon de la crosada in modern Occitan.
3. ^ M. Zink, "Introduction" (Gougaud 1992, pp. 20–22).
4. ^ Laisse 142, lines 7–8

Editions and translations

• Meyer, Paul, ed. and tr. 1875–1879. Chanson de la croisade contre les albigeois. Paris.
• Martin-Chabot, Eugène, ed. and tr. 1931–1961. La chanson de la croisade albigeoise. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
• Gougaud, Henri, tr. 1992. Chanson de la croisade albigeoise. Paris: Livre de Poche.
• Shirley, Janet, tr. 1996. The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade. Ashgate Publishing.