- Indiana Klan
The Indiana Klan is a branch of the
Ku Klux Klan , asecret society in the United States that practicesracism andterrorism against minority ethnic groups. The Indiana Klan rose to prominence beginning in the years afterWorld War I when the society set out to "protect" the United States from people of German descent. They continued to rise in power under the leadership ofGrand Dragon D.C. Stephenson who led the Indiana Klan to break away from the national organization in 1923. The organization reached its highest point of power during the years that followed, and by 1925 over half the members of theIndiana General Assembly , theGovernor of Indiana , and many other high ranking members of the government were all members of the Klan. Scandal erupted that year when Stephenson was accused and convicted for the rape and murder ofMadge Oberholtzer . When the governor refused to pardon Stephenson, he began to expose many of his co-conspirators in the Klan, destroying their reputations and effectively destroying much of the Klan's power.Formation
In 1920 Joe Huffington was chosen by
Imperial Wizard William J. Simmons ofAtlanta, Georgia to start an official Indiana chapter of the Ku Klux Klan. Huffington left for Indiana and setup his first headquarters inEvansville, Indiana . In Evansville, Huffington met D.C. Stephenson who quickly became one of the leading members of chapter. Stephenson quickly became wealthy from the position in the Klan and his influence became very importance to the orginzation. Stephenson was a very active recruiter for new members, and held meetings with state's other secret societies like theFree Masons , to gain support. He did not preach racist rhetoric, and instead left that to subordinates, he instead spoke of the society as a brotherhood and focused on what he considered the noble aspects of the organizations, such as helping the poor and defending morality. His stance, especially on morals, helped him gain the support of many churches in the state. His populism led to a rapid growth in the Klan's membership.cite web|url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html|title= Indiana History Chapter Seven|publisher=Northern Indiana Center for History|accessdate=2008-10-07]Activities
In 1922 a new Imperial Wizard came to power with the support of Stephenson, as a reward, Stephenson was granted the position of Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan, and twenty-two other northern states. His success further emboldened him and in 1923, he led the Indiana Klan in breaking away from the national organization as a rival group. The Klan became influential in the politics of the state, and an endorsement from the organization could practically guarantee victory at the polls. The result led to many politicians at all levels of government, joining the Klan in order to gain their support. The Klan became so powerful, and Stephenson so influential, that by 1925 he began to brag, saying "I am the law in Indiana." [cite book|author=Lutholtz, M. William|year=199| title=Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana| location=West Lafayette, Indiana|publisher= Purdue University Press|isbn= 1557530467| pages=pp. 43,89]
At the height of it's power the Klan had over 250,000 members, which was over 30% of state's white male population. The highest concentration was around the central part of the state. Klan membership was discouraged in some parts of the state, like New Albany, where city leaders denounced the Klan and discouraged residents from joining. [Moore, Leonard. "Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921ndash1928". (
University of North Carolina Press, 1991). pp, 11] Other cities, likeIndianapolis , were almost completely controlled by the Klan, and membership to public office was impossible without their support. Multiple street fights occurred in Indianapolis between the Klan and minority groups. The native white male population who belonged to the Klan ranged from 27ndash40%. [Bodenhamer, David. "The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis" (Indiana University Press, 1994) p. 879]candal
In 1925 Stephenson met
Madge Oberholtzer , the head of the state's commission to combat illiteracy. The night of the inaugural ball of GovernorEdward L. Jackson , she was abducted from her home and taken to anIndianapolis train station. On the train ride to Hammond, she was repeatedly raped by Stephenson. Once in Hammond, she was able to drink a poison cleaning material. Using her illness she begged Stephenson to release her so she would not die. He took her back to Indianapolis where she died a month later in a hospital. The cause of death was determined to be either the poison or severe bite and cuts received during her rape, witnesses claimed she appeared as if acannibal had been chewing on her. Stephenson was immediately arrested and charged with second-degree murder and was convicted and remained in prison until 1956.Stephenson expected Governor Jackson to pardon him for his support in his election. But by 1926, it became evident that Stephenson was not going to be pardoned. In response he began to talk to reporters from the "
Indianapolis Times " and to expose many of the high profile members of the Klan. It was difficult to pin major crimes to the members of of the originization, but Stephenson told reporters many of the individuals thatthe Klan had bribed, and who had accepted the money. The mayor of Indianapolis,John Duvall , was jailed for thirty days and later convicted of bribery. Commissioners and other local leader across the state were all forced to resign on bribery charges, stemming to acceptance of support from the Klan. The Governor, Edward Jackson, was also brought up on bribery charges, in which he was found proven, but not guilty: the statute of limitations had expired on his crimes. He ended his term and did not seek reelection. Other leaders of the Klan were arrested and tried on charges of conspiracy to bribe public officials.It was quickly revealed that over half the member of the
Indiana General Assembly were Klan members. The result destroyed the Klan's image as the defenders of justice, and the shakeup left the Klan nearly powerless as member abandoned the organization by the tens of thousands.Attempts to revive the Klan were made in the 1960s and 1970s, but the organization was never able to regain the membership or power it held during the 1920s.
ee also
*
Ku Klux Klan
*History of Indiana Notes
External links
* [http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html D.C. Stephenson and the Indiana Klan]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~rr91/1402-2007/The%20Stephenson%20Trial%20prospectus.htm prospectus for "The Stephenson Trial: Internal Klan Conflicts Linked to Downfall of Second Klan in Indiana" by Lindsay Dunn]
* [http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/m0264.html Indiana Historical Society: D.C. Stephenson Collection]
* [http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/isl/indiana/Klan.html Indiana State Library: Resources on the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana]
*"Ku Klux Klan: A Secret History", written and produced by Bill Brummel, aired31 May 2003 on theHistory Channel .
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