ADAMTS13

ADAMTS13 ("a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13")—also known as "von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease" (VWFCP)—is a zinc-containing metalloprotease enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand factor (vWf), a large protein involved in blood clotting. It is secreted in blood and degrades large vWf multimers, decreasing their activity.cite journal |author=Levy GG, Motto DG, Ginsburg D |title=ADAMTS13 turns 3 |journal=Blood |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=11–7 |year=2005 |pmid=15774620 |doi=10.1182/blood-2004-10-4097| url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/106/1/11]

Genetics

The "ADAMTS13" gene maps to the ninth chromosome (9q34).

Discovery and function

Since 1982 it had been known that thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), one of the microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (see below), was characterised in its familial form by the presence in plasma of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF).

In 1994, VWF was shown to be cleaved between a tyrosine at position 1605 and a methionine at 1606 by a plasma metalloprotease when it was exposed to high levels of shear stress. In 1996, two research groups independently further characterized the enzyme that cleaved VWF. In the next two years, the same two groups showed that the congenital deficiency of vWf-cleaving protease was associated with formation of platelet microthrombi in the small blood vessels. In addition, they reported that in majority of patients IgG antibodies, directed against this enzyme, caused TTP in non-familial cases.

Proteomics

Genomically, ADAMTS13 shares many properties with the 19 member ADAMTS family, all of which are characterised by a protease domain (the part that performs the protein hydrolysis), an adjacent disintegrin domain and one or more thrombospondin domains. ADAMTS13 in fact has eight thrombospondin domains. It has no hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and hence it not anchored in the cell membrane.

Role in disease

Deficiency of ADAMTS13 was originally discovered in Upshaw-Shulman syndrome, the recurring familial form of TTP. By that time it was already suspected that TTP occurred in the autoimmune form as well, owing to its response to plasmapheresis and characterisation of IgG inhibitors. Since the discovery of ADAMTS13, specific epitopes on its surface have been shown to be the target of inhibitory antibodies. [cite journal |author=Tsai HM |title=Advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=1072–81 |year=2003 |pmid=12660343 |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/content/full/14/4/1072 |doi=10.1097/01.ASN.0000060805.04118.4C] [cite journal |author=Furlan M, Lämmle B |title=Aetiology and pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the role of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Haematol |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=437–54 |year=2001 |pmid=11686108 |doi=10.1053/beha.2001.0142]

Especially since the link between aortic valve stenosis and angiodysplasia was proven to be due to high shear stress (Heyde's syndrome), it has been accepted that increased exposure of vWf to ADAMTS13 due to various reasons would predispose to bleeding by causing increased degradation of vWf. This phenomenon is characterised by a form of von Willebrand disease (type 2a).

ee also

* ADAMTS5

References

Further reading

* Furlan M, Lammle B. "Aetiology and pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the role of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease." Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2001;14:437-54. PMID 11686108.
* Tsai HM. "Advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura." J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:1072-81. PMID 12660343.PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Tang BL |title=ADAMTS: a novel family of extracellular matrix proteases. |journal=Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. |volume=33 |issue= 1 |pages= 33–44 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11167130 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Fujimura Y, Matsumoto M, Yagi H, "et al." |title=Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease and Upshaw-Schulman syndrome. |journal=Int. J. Hematol. |volume=75 |issue= 1 |pages= 25–34 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11843286 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Zheng X, Majerus EM, Sadler JE |title=ADAMTS13 and TTP. |journal=Curr. Opin. Hematol. |volume=9 |issue= 5 |pages= 389–94 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12172456 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Tsai HM |title=Von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS13, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. |journal=J. Mol. Med. |volume=80 |issue= 10 |pages= 639–47 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12395148 |doi= 10.1007/s00109-002-0369-8
*cite journal | author=Tsai HM |title=Platelet activation and the formation of the platelet plug: deficiency of ADAMTS13 causes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=23 |issue= 3 |pages= 388–96 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12615692 |doi= 10.1161/01.ATV.0000058401.34021.D4
*cite journal | author=Tsai HM |title=Is severe deficiency of ADAMTS-13 specific for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? Yes. |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 625–31 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12871390 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Remuzzi G |title=Is ADAMTS-13 deficiency specific for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? No. |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 632–4 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12871391 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Moake JL |title=von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS-13, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 4–14 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14727254 |doi=
*cite journal | author=López JA, Dong JF |title=Cleavage of von Willebrand factor by ADAMTS-13 on endothelial cells. |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 15–23 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14727255 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Plaimauer B, Scheiflinger F |title=Expression and characterization of recombinant human ADAMTS-13. |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 24–33 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14727256 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kokame K, Miyata T |title=Genetic defects leading to hereditary thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 34–40 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14727257 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Schneppenheim R, Budde U, Hassenpflug W, Obser T |title=Severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency in childhood. |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 83–9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14727263 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kremer Hovinga JA, Studt JD, Lämmle B |title=The von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13) and the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). |journal=Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. |volume=33 |issue= 5-6 |pages= 417–21 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15692254 |doi= 10.1159/000083839
*cite journal | author=Levy GG, Motto DG, Ginsburg D |title=ADAMTS13 turns 3. |journal=Blood |volume=106 |issue= 1 |pages= 11–7 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15774620 |doi= 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4097
*cite journal | author=George JN |title=ADAMTS13, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. |journal=Curr. Hematol. Rep. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 167–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15865866 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Dong JF |title=Cleavage of ultra-large von Willebrand factor by ADAMTS-13 under flow conditions. |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=3 |issue= 8 |pages= 1710–6 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16102037 |doi= 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01360.x
*cite journal | author=Matsukawa M|title=Serial changes in von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction.|journal=Am J Cardiol. |volume=100 |issue= 5 |pages= 758-63 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17719316 |doi=

External links

*
* [http://spd.cbi.pku.edu.cn/spd_pro.php?id=nm_139025 Secreted protein database] entry

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